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Europe at 1600

Europe at 1600. Europe 1350-1450. 1337- 1453: The Hundred Years War between England and France Tremendous destruction Led to strong national cohesion in England and France 1347-1666: The Plague 1/3 Europe’s population died Continued intermittently until 1666.

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Europe at 1600

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  1. Europe at 1600

  2. Europe 1350-1450 • 1337- 1453: The Hundred Years War between England and France • Tremendous destruction • Led to strong national cohesion in England and France • 1347-1666: The Plague • 1/3 Europe’s population died • Continued intermittently until 1666 Clovis points used for spears

  3. Renaissance (1400-1600) • Scientific and mathematical approach to world • Belief in human abilities to understand and explore • Developed compass, astrolabe, and shipping technologies • 1492: Spanish unification and expulsion of Moors Clovis points used for spears

  4. Reformation and Creation of Protestantism • 1517: Martin Luther posted 95 Theses on church door in Wittenberg • Reformation split Christian church: Roman Catholic, Lutherans, Calvinists • Catholics believed in value of scriptures, tradition, hierarchy, faith, and good works • Lutherans believed in value of scripture and faith • Calvinists believed in value of scripture, faith, strict community rules and predestination Clovis points used for spears

  5. England during Reformation • Henry VIII separated Church of England from Rome, but Church of England retained most characteristics of Roman Catholicism • Edward VI, reshaped C of E to become truly Protestant • Mary I, returned country to Catholicism; oppressed Protestants • Elizabeth returned country to Protestantism and toleration • England: Calvinists became Separatists (fringe group) and Puritans (sizeable minority)

  6. European Religious Wars • 1520s-1555: German wars of religion ended with legalizing Lutheranism • 1570s-1580s: French Wars of Religion ended with some toleration of Calvinists • 1618-1648: German “Thirty Years War” killed 1/3 of German population, ended with legalization of Calvinism • 1640s: English Civil War (Puritans v. Catholic Charles I) St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572

  7. Spain During Reformation • 1492: Unification of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella • Catholicism became national symbol in battle against Moors and in unifying provinces • Spanish Inquisition forced non-Christians to convert or leave Spain • Philip II (1555-1598): extremely devout Catholic, challenged England and worked to safeguard Catholicism throughout empire Defeat of the Spanish Armada

  8. Conclusions • By 1492, few European nations had formed into strong centralized nations: England, France, Spain • Warfare between European nations helped develop armor, guns, and the military use of horses • Warfare between European nations, and development of capitalism, required a rule of law and formal government in European cultures • African nations existed, but did not fight each other as intensely as European nations did • European technology enabled Europeans to explore and to subjugate others • By the early 1600s, religious conflicts were deadly, polarizing, and fanatical: death, escape or conversion were often the only options Puritan Family

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