Catadromous Fish

1. By: Ava Callahan, Madison Silveria, Shafin Talukder, & Anyis Mendes Catadromous Fish

2. Catadromous fish definition; Catadromous fishes hatch in the ocean, but migrate to freshwater areas where they spend the majority of their lives growing and maturing. As adults they return to the sea to spawn. The word "catadromous" means "downward-running," and refers to the seaward migration of adults. Most eels are catadromous.

3. Eels and their Diet. Striped Peacock Eels consume crickets, fish, crustaceans, brine shrimp and plankton, earthworms, mealworms, blood worms, glass worms and tubifex worms. Short finned eels will eat frogs, mollusks, insects, fish and shrimp. Dragon Eels consume fish, but also eat squid and octopus. Garden eels eat live shrimp and feeder fish.

4. Eel life cycle The best-known group of catadromous fishes are the true eels. In these species, females spend their lives largely in freshwater, while males live primarily in the brackish water of estuarine areas. Individuals breed in the seas and die after spawning once.

5. American Eel Migration: American Eels are first spawned in the Sargasso Sea. They then move towards the West. They begin migrating in the estuaries of the East Coast of North America. This happens somewhere between February and April at an age of about one year and a length of about 60mm.

6. Catadromous Fish Examples European Eel North American Eel Thin-lipped Grey Mullet European Flounder

7. Catadromous fish | Britannica.com • Anadromous, Catadromous, Amphidromous, Oceanodromous, or ... • Catadromous - Fishionary • catadromous - Fishionary - American Fisheries Society • https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/catadromous • Migration - Catadromous fish | Britannica.com • https://www.irstea.fr/en/catadromous-fish Websites We Used:

8. Anadromous Fish By: Logan Perry, Elijah Ricketts, Ryan Amaral, Trynaty Williams

9. Anadromous Fish Definition Anadromous fish are fish that are born in freshwater, migrate to saltwater to mature into adults, and then migrate back to freshwater to spawn. Well-known anadromousfish species include the Pacific salmons and sturgeon, Atlantic salmon and sturgeon, striped bass, and blueback herring. https://study.com/academy/lesson/anadromous-fish-definition-species-migration.html

10. Diet The diet of a young Anadromous Fish consists of: • Insects • Invertebrates and plankton Adult anadromous fish diet consists of: • Other fish • Squid • Eels • shrimp

11. Physical barriers Biological barriers • Predators • Harvest • Algae • Temperature • Dams • Sediment Chemical Barriers • Loss of dissolved oxygen • Fertilizer • oil

12. Life Cycle Of Anadromous Fish The anadromous fish life cycle has a few steps. The first part of the cycle, the fish are born in freshwater. The fish the move to the saltwater to spawn. https://www.google.com/search?q=anadromuous+fish+life+cycle&rlz=1CAZLOS_enUS851&oq=anadromuous+fish+life+cycle&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.8076j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on An Irish Atlantic Salmon is an example of an anadromous fish This is where I got my evidence.

13. Striped Bass The striped bass, also called Atlantic striped bass, striper, linesider, rock or rockfish, is an anadromous Perciforme fish of the family Moronidae found primarily along the Atlantic coast of North America. It has also been widely introduced into inland recreational fisheries across the United States. White perch, alewives, and blueback herring are on the bass's spring menu. Bass will also eat squid, mussels, eels, and worms. Small, young striped bass are eaten by other fish, such as bluefish, and larger striped bass. However, mature bass have few predators. Link to info https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAZLOS_enUS851&ei=43DtXJKcOcGv_Qbf8KzwCA&q=what+do+striped+bass+eat&oq=what+do&gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0i67l2j0l8.93414.101181..104200...0.0..0.118.1706.16j2......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..0i71j0i131i67j0i131.AYGZpuyIJOM&safe=active&ssui=on https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAZLOS_enUS851&ei=j2_tXOCIBMHI_QaF95PwBw&q=striped+bass&oq=striped+&gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0i131l2j0i67l2j0l2j0i67j0l2j0i131.329474.337760..339141...0.0..0.561.1331.4j3j5-1......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..0i71j0i131i67.ZRwZXBqki-8&safe=active&ssui=on This is a picture of somebody who caught a Striped Bass

14. American Shad The American shad is a species of anadromous clupeid fish naturally distributed on the North American coast of the North Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Florida, and as an introduced species on the North Pacific coast. The American shad is not closely related to the other North American shads. Like other herrings, the Americanshad is primarily a plankton feeder, but will eat small shrimp and fish eggs. Occasionally they eat small fish, but these are only a minor item in their general diet. Link to info These are pictures of someone holding an American Shad https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAZLOS_enUS851&ei=TXHtXPnUGNKQggfyk6KwCQ&q=american+shad&oq=american+shad&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l10.353207.374004..374492...0.0..0.156.3458.29j7......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..0i71j0i22i30j0i131j0i67j0i131i67.2BQUV-O679Y&safe=active&ssui=on https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAZLOS_enUS851&ei=xXLtXNTXAfKL_QaNsaOwCA&q=what+do+american+shad+eat&oq=what+do+a&gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0i67j0l9.39143.47024..49479...0.0..0.202.2187.13j7j1......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..0i71j0i131j0i131i67.HL1K6zwJUXE&safe=active&ssui=on

15. Negative Effects Humans Have On Marine Life By: Ian Varano, Aubrey Lagasse, Namari Gilbert-Casteel, and Frederick Renovato

16. People Overfishing “Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate that the species cannot grow in time, resulting in those species either becoming extinct or very underpopulated in that given area”. “Worldwide about 90% of the stocks of large predatory fish stocks are already gone. In the real world all this comes down to two serious problems. We are losing species as well as entire ecosystems”.

17. Water Pollution Water pollution occurs when disastrous substances- often harmful chemicals or microorganisms - contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other systems of water. These substances can degrade major bodies of water. Not only is it very hazardous for aquatic systems and marine life, but the pollutants also find their way to groundwater, which might find its way in our households as drinking water. Pollution: The contamination of a body of water, usually as a result of human activity.

18. Types of Water Pollution • Groundwater: When rainfalls and seeps into the Earth and goes into the groundwater. • Surface Water: Is the water that covers 70% of the Earth and is housed in our oceans. • Ocean Water: Pollutants carried from land to the ocean. • Point Water: When pollution comes from a single source. • Nonpoint source: Contamination from diffuse sources. • Transboundary: Pollution coming from another • Agriculture: Consumes global water. • Sewage and Wastewater: Used water. • Oil Pollution: Pollution coming from oil spills. • Radioactive Substances: Any pollution that emits radiation.

19. Fertilizer Pollution Farmers use nitrogen and phosphorus to help grow crops. Excess nutrients can seep into groundwater and runoff into waterways during rain or thunderstorms. High levels of these chemicals can cause *eutrophication, which causes a plethora of plants and animals to die from lack of oxygen. This happens because too much nutrients from pesticides causes too much algae to grow, blocking sunlight. When the sun is blocked it causes the plants that produce oxygen to die, leading to less oxygen. It also can cause Pfiesteria, a single celled organism that releases toxins into the water, causing bleeding sores on fish. *excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

20. Man Made Barriers A dam is a man madebarrier usually built across a river to hold back water and forming a lake, or reservoir, behind it. ... A dam can be constructed from concrete or natural materials like earth and rock. These Dams are negatively impacting the marine life because, they block the fish and eels from migration and spawning. These dams can make them not meet there destination and, or block them.

21. Weirs A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow of water and results in a change in the height of the river level. There are many designs of weir, but commonly water flows freely over the top of the weir before going down to a lower level. This can be discouraging because algae and pollution can travel through and take over. Then, when the water level decreases water can leave and more algae can enter and the rest can stay.

22. Water Wheels A water wheel is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill. A water wheel consists of a wheel, with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving surface. This can be terrible because water wheels can lift fish, eels, and other marine life.

23. Links https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam www.onegreenplanet.org Mdba.gov.au https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-a-waterwheel https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know https://www.dictionary.com/browse/water-pollution Overfishing - National Geographic Overfishing: The oceans' most serious environmental problem ...

24. Positive Impacts on Diadromous Fish By: Sophie Souza, Jacqui Bank, June Wildman, and Daniela Gusman

25. Marine Sanctuaries By-Daniela Gusman

26. Why Were National Marine Sanctuaries Created? Sanctuary waters provide a secure habitat for species close to extinction and protect historically significant shipwrecks and artifacts. National Marine Sanctuary Frequently Asked Questions https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/faqs/

27. Why are Marine Sanctuaries Important? They help protect our endangered species, including the blue whale, which have around 5,000-12,000 left of their kind.

28. An Organization Creating Marine Sanctuaries United States National Marine Sanctuary-The program began in 1972 in response to public concern about the plight of marine ecosystems. Credit- Google Plight-a dangerous, difficult, or unfortunate situation

29. Organizations That Help Diadromous Fish By June Wildman

30. The overall department The Department of Fish and Game The Department of Fish and Game is the overall Department that helps the Diadromous fish.

31. Other helpful Divisions The Division of Ecological Restoration The Division of Ecological Restoration breaks down dams to help the fish migrate. The Division of Marine fisheries The Division of Marine Fisheries tag and track the fish and help balance there population

32. Fish Ladders By: Sophie Souza

33. What Are Fish Ladders? Fish ladders are a series of pools built like steps to help fish to get pass a dam or waterfall.

35. Why Are Fish Ladders Helpful? Fish ladders are helpful because if a fish can't get back to the spawning grounds, then fish populations dramatically decrease. That's where fish ladders come in (you may also hear them referred to as fish passages or fishways). Fish ladders provide a detour route for migrating fish so that they can get over or around a dam that's blocking the way.

36. Preventing Bycatch By: Jacqui Bank

37. What is Bycatch? Bycatch is the unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught during commercial fishing for a different species.

38. How does bycatch affect the ocean's ecosystem? When bycatch dies, they are not able to reproduce this affects the ecosystem because the number of this marine species drops.

39. Why do we need to prevent it? Sea creatures that are bycatch usually get injured or end up dead. Some of these animals are; • Whales • Sea Turtles • Porpoises • Dolphins • Sharks

40. NOAA Fisheries NOAA fisheries has recognized our problems with bycatch. • “NOAA has instituted fishery observer programs to document the bycatch of protected species, including sea turtles, and implement regulations.”

41. How do we prevent it? This net allows smaller fish that commercial fishermen do not want to catch escape back into the ocean.

43. Bibliography https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/understanding-bycatch https://ensia.com/features/nets-save-fish-bycatch/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fish-ladder.html https://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/fishing/fish.../fish.../fish-ladder.h…

44. Five Species of Fish from Buzzards Bay Watershed By: Maryam Ahmed, Jack Desmarais, and Daniel Petipas

45. Blueback Herring (or blueback shad) Alewives Alewives are also anadromous fish that are also born into freshwater, move to the ocean and then return to freshwater to reproduce. They lay eggs at nighttime in slow moving water. https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/fishmigration/alewife.html (<-- Website used) Blueback herring are anadromous fish. They’re born in freshwater to then migrate to the ocean for adult lives and then return to freshwater to spawn. They lay eggs in daylight in fast moving water over rocks. https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/freshwater-fish-of-america/blueback_herring.html https://www.liveabout.com/facts-about-blueback-herring-1311591 (<--Websites used) Both Alewives and Blueback Herring are classified as river herring, even though they are two very different species. The fish on top is the blueback while the one on the bottom is the alewife.

46. Black Sea Bass https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/black-sea-bass • They migrate offshore and south in the fall, returning north and inshore to coastal areas and bays in spring. • Black sea bass are usually black, but smaller ones are more of a dusky brown. • The belly is slightly paler than the sides.Fins are dark with dusky spots. • Black Sea Bass are anadromous • During spawning, dominant males turn bright blue and have a blue hump on their heads.

47. Luckily, salmon have some pretty amazing physiological and behavioral adaptations that allow them to survive in both environments. The Salmon Salmon are anadromous fish, meaning they travel from saltwater to freshwater to spawn. When freshwater fish are exposed to salt water, it can cause their cells to shrivel, due to a process known as osmoregulation. This information can be found on https://blog.wwf.ca/blog/2015/03/19/did-you-know-10-amazing-things-about-salmon/

48. Their color ranges from silver to yellow green with red on the front and sides of the head;spawning fish often develop a bright red color over the entire body, and typically small in size. This fish is threatened due to habitat loss and degradation. The Westslope Cutthroat Trout The Westslope Cutthroat Trout is a semi-anadromous fish. That means it lives in brackish water. It has a streamlined body shape;generally trout-like in appearance with small, irregularly shaped dark spots, which form an arc from the anal fin to the pectoral fin. This information can be found on http://dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/profiles-profils/slopecutthroattrout-truitefardee-eng.html

49. The End https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/freshwater-fish-of-america/blueback_herring.html https://www.liveabout.com/facts-about-blueback-herring-1311591 https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/fishmigration/alewife.html bg