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The Franks: Merovingians & Carolingians

The Franks: Merovingians & Carolingians. 500-1066. Timeline for Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon invasions: 400-600 Rise of Mercia: 650-800 Viking invasions: 800-1066 Rise of Wessex: 850-900 Transformation of Wessex into England: 900s Challenges to English stability: 975-1066.

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The Franks: Merovingians & Carolingians

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  1. The Franks: Merovingians & Carolingians 500-1066

  2. Timeline for Anglo-Saxons • Anglo-Saxon invasions: 400-600 • Rise of Mercia: 650-800 • Viking invasions: 800-1066 • Rise of Wessex: 850-900 • Transformation of Wessex into England: 900s • Challenges to English stability: 975-1066

  3. Final Exam Essay Question Using evidence from the Early and Central Middle Ages, explain how northern Europe transformed from a mostly illiterate Germanic warrior culture around 500 to a distinctively medieval civilization by 1300. Identify significant characteristics of this transformation and the factors that encouraged the change in order to illuminate the defining features of medieval European civilization.

  4. Barbarian Migrations 350-500

  5. Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms c. 700

  6. Tribal Hidage c. 700-720 • Hwinca syfan þusend hyda. 7,000 • Ciltern sætna feower þusend hyda. 4,000 • Hendrica þryu þusend hyda ond fif hund hyda. 3,500 • Unecungaga twelf hund hyda. 1,200 • Arosætna syx hund hyda. 600 • Færpinga þreo hund hyda. is in Middelenglum Færpinga 300 • Bilmiga syx hund hyda. 600 • Eastwilla syx hund hyda. 600 • Westwilla syx hund hyda. 600 • East engle þrittig þusend hida. 30,000 • Eastsexena syofon þusend hyda. 7,000 • Cantwarena fiftene þusend hyda. 15,000 • Suþsexena syufan þusend hyda. 7,000 • Westsexena hund þusend hyda. 100,000

  7. Viking Invasion 793-1066

  8. What was the impact of the Viking invasions on English political unification during the 800s? • They halted unification and England broke into a series of small states • They facilitated unification by eliminating rivals to the West Saxons • Historians are highly divided over the impact • They had no impact whatsoever

  9. Alfred the Great871-899

  10. Guthrum’s Peacec. 886

  11. The Burghal Clusters

  12. Early Shire Structureapprox. 30 shires. C. 950

  13. Royal Writ

  14. Anglo-Saxon Charter

  15. Why were Germanic people unlikely to embrace charters to prove land ownership? • Most early charters were forgeries • Most Germanic people could not read before the 1100s • The concept of fighting for land was deeply ingrained in their culture • They were attached to memory and oral traditions • All of the above

  16. Chirograph

  17. The Norman Conquest1066

  18. Which factor(s) contributed most to political unification of England between 600 and 950? • Stable succession of West Saxon kings • Viking invasions • Hierarchy • Written laws, histories, charters, tax accounts, and royal orders • Something else

  19. Timeline for the Franks • 496: Anointing and conversion of Clovis secures the Merovingian dynasty. • 732: Battle of Tours and victory by Charles Martel increases the reputation of Carolingians. • 751: Anointing of Pepin: Carolingians become legit. • 800: the Crowning of Charlemagne • 843: Treaty of Verdun • Mid 900s: Peace and Truce of God movements begin in Western Francia

  20. The Franks

  21. Clovis, King of the Franksr. 481-511Grandson of the legendary Merovech, founder of the dynasty

  22. The Merovingians produced their first legal code 100 years before Aethelberht of Kent

  23. Which explanation for the Franks’ political success has no merit? • Franks constituted a superior race of Aryans. • They controlled territory near Rome and the Italian peninsula. • Previously Gaul had been in the Roman Empire. • Knowledge of Latin was much more widespread in their dominions than in England or Germany. • Bishops were administering laws and organizing dioceses since Roman times.

  24. The Merovingian Franks adopted anointing of kings over 100 years before the Anglo-SaxonsAnointing & Baptismof Clovis at Reims496

  25. The Merovingian kingdom in the 500s was almost three times as large as the Anglo-Saxon kingdom at its height in the 900s.

  26. Battle of Tours 732

  27. Anointing of Pepin the Shortc. 751

  28. Charlemagne attempted to reconstitute public power through a program of education

  29. Charlemagne’s Empire

  30. Alcuin of York(735-804)

  31. A Carolingian Court

  32. Charlemagne’s Empire

  33. The Treaty of Verdun(843)Division of Frankish Empire

  34. What caused the Frankish Empire to disintegrate by the late 800s? • Invasions: Viking, Huns, Muslims • Problems associated with governing a large territory in a fairly illiterate and violent age • Frankish warrior practices, including the practices of partible inheritance and vassalage • None of these items makes sense

  35. The Vikings carved out a territory in Northern France, known as Normandy

  36. Charlemagne’s Empire

  37. The Great Stirrup Controversy

  38. The Ideal Structure of Feudal Society

  39. Motte & Bailey Castle

  40. The Three Orders & Peace of God

  41. Merovingians • The Franks • Roman Christians after 496 • longstanding alliance with the papacy against • Lombards • Byzantines • Saxons • southwestward migration from mouth of the Rhine from 400-600 • practiced partible inheritance • suffered from fragmentation of authority

  42. From Merovingian to Carolingian • During the 8th century the Merovingian political authority unravelled • Gradually Charles Martel gained control between 725 and 740; he initiates a 70 year process of the political consolidation that ended with the death of Charlemagne • Martel’s descendants would later be known as the Carolingians, the descendants of Charles • By the mid-8th century, this family had established the most formidable fighting force in Europe; noted victory included the Battle of Poitiers against the Muslims from Iberia in 732-3

  43. Carolingians • Political successors to Merovingians • continuity of society and culture • Peppin the Short annointed in 751 at Soissons • political consolidation from 750-820 • expansion of imperial borders • improvements in agriculture • increase in trade and fairs • intellectual revival (Alcuin) • eventually suffered from political devolution due to partible inheritance (see Treaty of Verdun)

  44. The Papal-Frankish Alliance • Peppin the Short visited by Pope Stephen in early 754 • Request for help occurs after no response from Eastern Emperor • Appeal to the salvation of Pippin's soul • Restore order in Italy • Gradually pope's demands increase • Turn over much of Italian peninsula to papacy • Franks to assume burden of protection

  45. Charlemagne • Retains and surpasses the prestige of Charles Martel (grandfather) and his victory over Muslims at Tours-Poitier (732) • the Christian Warrior • crowned HRE on Christmas 800 • revitalizes the notion of Empire • encourages learning and vernacular literature • symbolizes the fight against the infidel, which later inspires The Song of Roland (c. 1095)

  46. Carolingian Revival • Charlemagne’s collection of scholars • influence of Alcuin • establishment of schools • preservation of texts • improvement of writing • Reformation and standardization of Benedictine Rule • Resurgent neoplatonism • John Scotus • the Pseudo-Dionysius

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