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Introduction to Behavior Analysis and Management

Introduction to Behavior Analysis and Management. What exactly is Behavior?. Behavior is the activity of the living organisms. Human behavior is everything people do, including how they move, what they say, what they think, and feel. Professions that study human behavior.

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Introduction to Behavior Analysis and Management

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  1. Introduction to Behavior Analysis and Management

  2. What exactly is Behavior? • Behavior is the activity of the living organisms. Human behavior is everything people do, including how they move, what they say, what they think, and feel

  3. Professions that study human behavior • Business world – Stocks, Housing, Sales, organizational behaviors. • http://money.msn.com/business-news/article.aspx?symbol=US:MCD&feed=OBR&date=20110124&id=12800121 • Economics and consumer behavior/loyalty • Sales, marketing, Holiday promotions. • Health- Public health, preventive medicine, behavioral medicine, Clinical settings, Counseling • http://www.cfah.org/hbns/ • http://www.cfah.org/hbns/archives/2009.cfm • Effects of sleep deprivation in College students driving habits, diet, academic performance • How does social network improve health?

  4. Professions that study human behavior • Sports • Why Most Kids Quit Sports • Improving competitiveness, team work, sports performance • Why professional Athletes demonstrate problematic behavior • http://www.istadia.com/blog/DanPeterson/402 • Education – Schools, Universities, private/ smaller settings • Students attendance, behavior problems, following instructions, completion of homework,

  5. Professions that study human behavior • Social Sciences – sociology, anthropology, study of large groups, cultures, races • Collective behavior • Organizational Behavior • Cultural differences in expression of emotion, non-verbal behavior, anger, aggression. • Animal Sciences – study birds/animal behavior • http://puppydogweb.com/articles/baddogbeahvior.htm • http://www.tufts.edu/vet/behavior/abh.shtml

  6. Factors that Influence Behavior • Individual Characteristics • Social Contingencies • Environmental Characteristics

  7. Factors that Influence Behavior • Individual Characteristics • IQ and intellectual abilities • Extrovert vs Introvert personalities • Perceptual and other cognitive deficits • Social and Emotional factors such as self- perception, self-esteem, self-efficacy, previous experiences • Learned helplessness • Other factors

  8. Factors that Influence Behavior • Social Contingencies • Reward, punishment, social stimulation • Group and Social norms • Peer Pressure • Cultural norms, Gender Roles • Social Support • Other factors

  9. Factors that Influence Behavior • Environmental Characteristics • Organization • Relationship structure • Rules and regulations • Social structures

  10. Examples • List some factors that influence some common behaviors • Money management • Recycling behavior • Health and Fitness • Group Interactions

  11. Other Areas where Behavior is studied/analyzed • Social Statistics • Cultural or Global Awareness • Developmental Psychology • Social Development • Social Influence on Consumer Behavior • Group Dynamics • Social Psychology • Psychiatry • Psychotherapy

  12. Few Educational Programs that specialize on Behavior • Behavioral science majors explore and analyze how human actions affect relationships and decision making. While behavioral science majors traditionally applied their skills in social work and counseling careers, recent graduates have found high demand for their skills in the business world as companies strive to uncover new ways to overcome their competitors. • Applied Behavior Analysis: (ABA) is the science of controlling and predicting human behavior. It focuses on the observable relationship of behavior to the environment. By functionally assessing the relationship between a targeted behavior and the environment, the methods of ABA can be used to change that behavior. Research in applied behavior analysis ranges from behavioral intervention methods to basic research which investigates the rules by which humans adapt and maintain behavior.

  13. Behavior Analysis

  14. Some examples of problem behaviors Health - Poor eating habits, Lack of exercise, smoking, excessive alcohol or caffeine consumption Interrupting others, ridiculing others, bullying Repetitive behaviors such as finger tapping, body rocking, hair twirling Violent behaviors- hitting others, throwing things, breaking objects Disorganization, Hoarding, Cluttering, etc. Incomplete task, Lack of attention to detail, forgetfulness, frequent errors in task

  15. When should a behavior be modified (increased or decreased) When it is • Harmful to self or others • Interferes with access or participation • Leads to a socially significant skill Give examples

  16. Main categories of Behavior • Reflexive behaviors, part of genetic endowment • Respondent Behavior includes reflexive behaviors caused by Antecedent Stimuli, can lead to habituation • Bright light – blinking • Loud noise- turning away head, covering ears etc • Operant Behavior – is any behavior that future frequency is determined by history of consequences. Ex. Reinforcement, punishment etc.

  17. To study Human Behavior • Conduct Observational studies, interviews, ecological assessment, standardized assessment • Define the behavior in observable terms • ABC analysis • Find the purpose • Record frequency, duration or latency

  18. Observational Studies • To conduct Observational study of behavior • Anecdotal notes • Simple reports of behavior' • Result of direct observation. • Accurate and specific • Gives context of child's behavior • Records typical or unusual behaviors

  19. Observational Studies • Example of Anecdotal Notes • Child's Name: Melissa C. • Date & Time: 4/23/01 8:45 am • Place or Learning Center: Preschool classroom-free play • Observed Event & Behaviors: Melissa sat next to Tina at the reading table. Tina greeted Melissa with "Hi, Melissa! Wanna read a book with me?" Melissa said that she couldn't read. Tina replied, "We can look at the pictures."

  20. Observational Studies Anecdotal notes • Observations should be ACCURATE, OBJECTIVE AND SPECIFIC. • Observers should not make ASSUMPTIONS or use SUBJECTIVE or AMBIGUOUS words. • Observations and anecdotes should be on a variety of children and activities. Try to avoid only writing anecdotes about the "cute things children say." • Remember to ask yourself the following question when observing - "Am I writing things in such a way that anyone viewing the same scene would write it in the exact same way," and when they close their eyes would see the same scene in their mind's eye?” • AVOID: Ambiguous/Suggestive Words: • Crowded Chaotic WildMessy Sloppy Too Many Roughhousing Words That Convey Assumption: • Intelligent Annoyed Angerprovoked Happiness RudeBored Aggressive Self-Esteem Out Of Control Uninvolved Boisterous Enthusiastic Ill-mannered

  21. Example • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeYf-rhMQIQ&feature=related Write an anectodal note about this video clip

  22. Interviews • What kind of Interview questions will you ask if Tom Cruise showed up complaining about his brother (Rain man)?

  23. Interviews • Significant others • Parents, siblings, teachers, friends, others • Ask what, when, how questions Examples • What was he/she doing when you call him/her immature? Non-compliant? Aggressive? • How do family members/teachers/others respond to this behavior? • What situations/places does this behavior happen most often? • What happens before and after the behavior? • How often does the behavior happen?

  24. Assessments • Checklists and Standardized tests • Conners Rating Scale • Child Behavior Rating Scale • Adaptive Behavior Scale • Child Behavior Checklist • http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/files/PHDCN/wave-1-instruments/13582-cbcl.pdf

  25. Ecological Assessments • Analyzing the individual within the environments, such as home, work, school, play, social gatherings etc. • Example • Assessing physical aspects, interactions with others, past reinforcement and punishment history

  26. Ecological Assessments • Examples • Errors by a Pharmacist • Sleepy Child in classroom • Not maintaining eye contact • Family with Disabilities

  27. How do you decide if the Behavior needs to be studied? • Is it a necessary or prerequisite skill? • Will it increase access to environments where other learning can occur? • Is it age appropriate? • Does the behavior cause harm to self or others? • Will the behavior produce reinforcement for self or significant others? OR, reduce negative/unwanted attention from others. • If we reduce/eliminate the target behavior, what will replace it? • What if the goal of the behavior change program in not a specific behavior? • Cost of the behavior Prioritize the behavior

  28. Class Activity • Pick a partner • Make a list of behaviors that you would like to change (either increase/decrease). • Make sure you have some reasons for changing this behavior. • Prioritize

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