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Ancient Egypt. Geography. The Nile: Longest river in the world Very fertile along the river banks. Egyptians called the fertile land – Kemet (Black Land) Provided for: Irrigation Transportation Silt Religious activities. Irrigation:. Upper Nile River. Upper Egypt:
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Geography • The Nile: • Longest river in the world • Very fertile along the river banks. • Egyptians called the fertile land – Kemet (Black Land) • Provided for: • Irrigation • Transportation • Silt • Religious activities
Upper Nile River • Upper Egypt: • The river valley was very wide in some areas. • High cliffs and mountains.
Lower Nile River: • Lower Egypt: • Nile Delta • Flat area with a lot of good farmland. • Outlet to the sea was important for trade.
Deserts: • Deserts were called Desret. (Red Land) • On western side was the Libyan Desert. • Provided granite, marble, many oases, natron
On eastern side was the Arabian Desert. • Provided gold, gems, copper • Both deserts provided protection from an enemy.
Class Work: • Read pages 75 and 76 in the text book. • Answer questions 1, 2, 3* on page 77. • Bonus: Find out the answer to question 4 for homework. Give your answer tomorrow.
The Gift of the Nile • Video
“The Mummy” • As you watch the “Hollywood” version of an Ancient History themed film, pick out some of the historical inaccuracies in the movie.
Pre-dynastic Period: • Upper and Lower Egypt started as separate kingdoms, but were united under one leader: King Menes • This started the first Egyptian dynasty. (A succession of family rulers.) • Developed the irrigation systems and a form of writing.
Hieroglyphs • Means ‘sacred carvings’. • At first, Egyptians used a picture to represent a word. • Changed to one symbol to represent one sound.
Hieroglyphs were carved onto nameplates or seals called cartouches. • Wrote from right to left, did not use punctuation or capitalization.
Make your own: • Using the hieroglyphic alphabet provided and design your own cartouche. • Be creative, colourful and have fun with it. • 20 marks
Quiz 2 • 1. On what continent is Egypt located? • 2. What river is located in Egypt? • 3. What did the Egyptian word desret mean? • 4. What are two things the deserts provided for the Egyptians? • 5. What is a dynasty?
6. What is kemet? • 7. What are hieroglyphics? • 8. What is a cartouche? • 9. What did the Egyptians do to turn ‘sand into land’?
Old Kingdom (2650 BCE) • Age of the Pyramids • King Djoser had the first monumental stone building built. • The Step Pyramid at Saqqara. • Symbolic stairway to heaven.
Pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. • 80 pyramids along the Nile. • The 1st and largest was built by Pharaoh Khufu at Giza.
Why pyramids? • It was believed that the sunbeams led the pharaoh to Ra (sun god). • Limestone covered the outside and shimmered in the sun and moonlight.
Sides are aligned with the compass points. • 2 300 000 stone blocks • Construction lasted 30 years during the winter months
The Guardian of Giza: • Faces east.(?) • Shaped like a lion with the pharaoh’s head. (Khufu) • Carved out of the bedrock. • (This is the largest one, but there are many others.)
Paws are 50 ft.; body is 100 ft • Head is 30 ft high;14 ft wide • Doors in the body lead to underground passages.
Myths about the Sphinx: • A map to the lost city of Atlantis is buried unders its paws. • There is a temple to the gods under it. • There is a UFO buried in the sand between the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid.
The Riddle of the Sphinx: • What animal walks on all fours in the morning, two legs at noon and three legs at night? • Bonus H/W: How did the Sphinx at Giza lose it’s nose?
Social Structure • Pharaoh • Nobles and Military Leaders • Priest and Scribes • Crafters • Peasant Farmers • Slaves • Pages 103-104 in the book. Find three points about each, for each level.
Death and the Afterlife: • Egyptians believed in an “afterlife” when they died. • 70 million Egyptians were probably mummified because they believed this was the way to preserve the body for the afterlife. • The deceased was divided into three essential elements upon death:
The Ba – personality (Bird with human head)
The Akh – Crested Ibis (Flew to the stars to spend eternity)
The Ka – Life force/soul (Lived in the tomb for all eternity & needed a body to inhabit.)
Quiz 3 • List the 7 steps of mummification. 2. The Great Pyramid at Giza took how many years to build? 3. What rock used in pyramid construction shimmered in the sun or moon light? 4. What guards the pyramids at Giza? BONUS: What is one of the myths associated with the Guardian at Giza?
Mummification Process: • Took 70 days from start to finish. • Process was performed by a priest and his assistants. • The priest wore the mask of Anubis.(Jackal headed god of mummification.) • There were 7 main steps:
Step 1. Cleaned and purified the body. • Step 2:Removed inner organs: lungs, liver, stomach, intestines to also be mummified.
Removed the brain… …with a hook!
Step 3: Drying Process Placed the body on a slanted table so bodily fluids would drain out. • Covered body with natron. • Left for 40 days.
Step 4: Packing/Sealing the Body Natron removed Body washed. Stuffed with linens, sawdust, lichen.
Step 5:Wrapped the body with linens. • Poured resin and/or beeswax over the linens. • Placed jewelry and charms inside the linens.
Step 6:The internal organs that were dried out were put inside canopic jars. • These went in the tomb with the mummy.
Jackel – stomach (Duamutef) • Falcon – intestines (Qebehsenuf) • Baboon – lungs (Hapi) • Human – liver (Imseti)
Step 7. Wrapped the body inside a shroud and placed inside a mummiform coffin. • A funeral mask was placed over the face and then the entire coffin was put inside a sarcophagus.
