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PEACE OPERATIONS

PEACE OPERATIONS. ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN UN OPERATIONS. Col (Ret) Peter Leentjes Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance. War Fighting Real Enemy Rules well known Unlimited application of force Doctrinal preparation Clear Military Objectives

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PEACE OPERATIONS

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  1. PEACE OPERATIONS ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN UN OPERATIONS Col (Ret) Peter Leentjes Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance

  2. War Fighting Real Enemy Rules well known Unlimited application of force Doctrinal preparation Clear Military Objectives Complete training Fight to win - as units PEACE WAR CONFLICT

  3. PEACE WAR CONFLICT Peace Operations • Political operations • No enemy • No rules (factions) • Restricted application of force • Individuals impact on mission • High levels of civilian components • Mediation - negotiation • Financial Constraints • War Fighting • Real Enemy • Rules well known • Unlimited application of force • Doctrinal preparation • Clear Military Objectives • Complete training • Fight to win-as units

  4. PEACE WAR CONFLICT Peace Operations • Communication • Negotiation • Presence • Potential combat • Fire & Movement Fire & Movement

  5. OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE TO THE FORCE COMMANDER • Issued to Military Force Commander • Derived from Mandate • Strategic- Political Guidance • Developed by Military Advisor • Signed by Under Secretary General Peacekeeping

  6. REPORTING CHAIN • Force Commander reports through SRSG Head of Mission (HOM) • Mandated Activities Military Component • Consults with SRSG areas with political or policy consequences • Technical link Military Advisor DPKO for military matters (informing SRSG) • Does not deal with Member States

  7. Security Council Secretary-General Special Representative of the Secretary-General Deputy SRSG Human Rights Force Commander Head Civilian Police Component Head Election Component Chief Military Observer Chief Administrative Officer Head Humanitarian Assistance Component

  8. COALITION OR LEAD NATION PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE Security Council UN HQ Lead Nation Military Force Coalition Nations Lead Nation Forces Other Nation Forces Other Nation Forces Other Nation Forces

  9. CONCURRENT UN MISSION & COALITION PEACEKEEPING FORCE STRUCTURES Security Council UNHQ SRSG Deputy SRSG Lead Nation Human Rights Military Force Coalition Nations Humanitarian Lead Nation Troops Police Other Nation Troops Administrative Other Nation Troops Election Other Nation Troops Observer Force

  10. Security training support Security / protection / transport emergency medical Security on sites / protection / transport / medical assistance to the election process Secure environment / engineering /transport / materiel assistance to the reconstruction process assistance to long term development Military Role in Peace Operations SRSG Manage the Mandate Coordinate Effort of Components Deputy Provide Unity of Effort Military Force CIVPOL Humanitarians Elections Reconstruction Development Assigned/ Derived Military Tasks

  11. Strategic Level Issues in International Peacekeeping • Each mission varies in structure & evolves over time • Functionally UN not always lead organization • National contingents often respond first to national chains of command • Partners will have different strategic control processes • Multi-agency relationships complex • Tension between multiple contending international organizations • Coordination, consensus, & cooperation best built from bottom

  12. MULTINATIONAL/ PEACEKEEPING FORCE NATIONAL COMMAND AND CONTROL MULTINATIONAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALISTS NATIONALSUPPORT PUBLIC AFFAIRS II xx II OPCON CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT x I I OPCON ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE I CULTURAL AFFAIRS OPCON COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS

  13. National Command “The exercise of command by National authorities over National forces deployed in support of peace operations” “Nations never cede full command authority over deployed forces except in unusual circumstance”

  14. Operational LevelCommand & Control Issues • Modern peacekeeping - complex, non-traditional military missions, qualitatively different from war-fighting • Involve political action as much as military • Success depends on working effectively with a wide variety of institutions/organizations • Requires equally effective command & control (C2) as combat missions • Traditional C2 language, concepts, approaches & doctrine may not be appropriate for organizational & institutional arrangements in peace operations

  15. Multi-National Peacekeeping ForcesProblems Areas • Added complexity to operations • Multi-National HQs generated • National command issues create difficulties • Generally exceed span of control • Decision making is slow • Consensus creation takes time • Standards, force capability & levels of military training vary • Differences in language, tradition, doctrine & culture impact on operations

  16. When There Is a Lack of Confidence Forces will: • Operate under variety employment restrictions • Maintain direct contact with national governments for direction • Negotiate missions; not accept assigned ones

  17. Keeping It Simple • Watchword in peacekeeping operations – difficult to achieve • Different levels of sophistication in weapons, equipment, training, communications, language,etc • Use a combination of tools: • Assign geographical & functional responsibilities • Assign forces together with history of working together • Assign missions that task to capacities • Be sensitive to home governments concerns • Making simple plans within a coalition requires sophisticated and complex decision making and coordination

  18. Command and Control Problems • Staffs will often work at multiple levels • Span of control often exceeded • Multiplicity of lines of command • Consultation with national authorities • Size of headquarters • Absence of standards and common doctrine • Variation in forces capacities

  19. Future Peace Operations • Complexity of all aspects of peace operations will remain prominent feature • Military C2 part of a larger set of “command” arrangements • Command arrangements will remain cumbersome and decentralized • Assigned forces may not share common doctrine, language or standards

  20. Future Peace Operations(continued) • Complex non-traditional missions as much political as military • To achieve success need to work effectively with • Wide variety of institutions and organizations • Foreign governments • Non-national political actors • International organizations • NGOs • National government agencies • Foreign military forces • Require sound command and control • Traditional C2 concepts, approaches and doctrine may not be well suited

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