2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

1. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions • What are the functions of the respiratory system? • What are some disorders of the respiratory system? • How are disorders of the respiratory system treated? • What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity? • How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

3. Warm up • What is the flap in the larnyx that closes when you eat? • What are the hairs in the nose called? • How many lobes does the right lung have? How many does the left have? • What is the smallest structure of the respiratory system where oxygen and CO2 are exchanged? • What is the membrane called that covers the lungs? • What are the cavities in your skull called? • What structure is made of large C shaped hyalin cartlidge?

4. Functions of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory System • Nose • Sinuses • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx Lower Respiratory System • Trachea • Lungs 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

5. Discuss the Functions of the Upper Respiratory System Structures • Nose • Sinuses • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

6. Nose • Heats and moistens air • The cilia and mucous membranes filter out foreign bodies and prevents them from entering the lungs. • Sense of smell

7. Sinuses • Warms air • Manufactures mucous- continously- up to a quart a day! • Gives voice resonance • Helps to lighten the weight of the head.

8. Pharnyx • 3 sections- nasopharnyx, oropharnyx and laryngopharnyx • Passageway for food and air- also part of the digestive system. • Swallowing

9. Epiglottis • Prevents food from going into trachea by closing when swallowing.

10. Larynx • Acts as the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory system. • Vocal cords- produce sound of voice • Passageway for air.

11. Discuss the Functions of the Lower Respiratory System Structures Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchial tubes • Bronchioles • Alveoli Lungs • Pleura • Mediastinum • Diaphragm 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

12. Trachea • Protection of airway by c-cartlidge • Passageway for air. • The esophagus is positioned just behind the trachea, in the area where the C-shaped cartilage opens up • This allows the esophagus to expand when swallowing larger chunks of food

13. Bronchi/ Bronchial tubes Bronchioles • The right mainstem bronchus branches off at a 20 to 30 degree angle from the midline of the chest • The left mainstem bronchus branches off at a more pronounced 40 to 60 degree angle • This is important because the lesser angle of the right mainstem branching allows foreign bodies that are accidentally breathed in to more often lodge in the right lung • An endotracheal (breathing) tube placed too far in may be placed in the right mainstem bronchus • This is problematic because only the right lung will expand 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

14. Bronchi/ Bronchial tubes Bronchioles • Passageway for air. • Continues to filter out foreign bodies. • Inner epithelial layer contains the mucociliary escalator • Themucociliary escalator is a major barrier against infection. Microorganisms hoping to infect the respiratory tract are caught in the sticky mucus and moved up by the mucociliary escalator. Smoking paralyzes this. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

15. Alveoli • Functional unit of the lung. • Where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the body. • Surrounded by capillaries • Blood from the right heart enters the pulmonary capillaries high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen • Inhaled air in the alveoli is low in carbon dioxide and high in oxygen

16. Discuss the process of breathing. External respiration-(exhalation)The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and respiratory organs such as lungs.The diaphragm relaxes and causes a decrease in air volume. Internal respiration- (Inhalation)The metabolic process by which living cells absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Diaphragm contracts and moves downward. Breathing Exhalation Inhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

17. 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration Normal adult rate-14-20 breaths per minute Breathing Calculate your respirations 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

18. Neural Factors The medulla oblongata is a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function. Stimulated by an increase in carbon dioxide or a decrease in oxygen in the bloodswallowing and sneezing. Phrenic Nerve - one of a pair of nerves that arises from cervical spinal roots and passes down the thorax to innervate the diaphragm and control breathing Control of breathing 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

19. Processing • Resp. System Review- Structure and Function • Resp. System Terminology

20. Respiratory Disorders

21. Day 4Warm up What is the function of the alveoli? What is the function of the nose? What is the normal respiration rate for an adult?

22. Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. • Coughing • Hiccups • Sneezing • Yawning 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

23. Respiratory Movements • Coughing- a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. • Sneezing- A convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa. • Hiccups- an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. • Yawning- Involves opening the mouth involuntarily while taking a long, deep breath of air. This is usually done as a result of drowsiness , weariness or lack of oxygen.

24. Types of breathing- Write in notes • Apnea- No breathing- rate-0 • Dyspnea- Difficulty breathing • *Eupnea- Normal breathing- rate 12-20 • Orthopnea- Shortness of breath • *Tachypnea- Fast breathing- rate over 20 • Hyperventilation- Suddenly start to breath very quickly and causes dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, shortness of breath, and a tingling feeling around the mouth and fingertips. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

25. Asthma Reactive airway disease Inflammation that temporarily narrows air passageways. Symptoms- coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness. Causes-infections, allergens and anxiety Treatment- rescue inhaler, bronchiodilators, oxygen Who most likely has it? Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

26. Respiratory disorders • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease What is COPD and what is the leading cause? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

27. COPD There are two main forms of COPD: Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus; Emphysema, which involves destruction of the lungs over time . Because the symptoms of COPD develop slowly, some people may not know that they are sick. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. The more a person smokes, the more likely that person will develop COPD. However, some people smoke for years and never get COPD.

28. Bronchitis Inflammation of mucous membranes of bronchioles Can be acute or chronic Symptoms- cough, phelm, chest soreness Cause-smoking, viral infections Treatment-antibiotics if bacterial, mucinex, NSAIDS, oxygen if severe. Stop smoking! Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

29. Emphysema Lungs loose their elasticity due to overexposure to cigarette smoke. Lose of the ability to exhale. Main type of COPD. Inability to blow air out of lungs. Symptoms- barrel chest, decreased breath sounds, clubbing of fingers, pursed lips, decreased oxygen in blood, shortness of breath, chronic cough Cause- cigarette smoking Treatment- no cure. Treat symptoms. Bronchodilators, steroids, inhalers, oxygen. Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

31. COMMON COLD Upper respiratory infection Symptoms- rhinorrhea, sore throat, cough, coated tongue, low grade fever. Cause-Rhinovirus- several hundred. Virus mutates too fast for a cure. Treatment- antihistmine, mucinex, cough medicine, tylenol or advil. Antibiotics do not treat viruses! Hand-washing – best preventative measure Respiratory disorders How long should you wash your hands? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

32. Respiratory disorders • Influenza Discuss the symptoms of influenza. Is a flu shot beneficial? Why or why not? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

33. Respiratory disorders Influenza  a contagious respiratory illness.  May spread the virus1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick –airborne, droplets Symptoms- fever, body aches, joint pain, chills, sore throat, cough, headache, extreme fatigue, rhinorhea. Can cause pneumonia and death Cause-influenza viruses. Mutates so your body doesn’t recognize it. Treatment- Tamiflu- must take within the first 48 hours of first symptoms to be effective. Treat symptoms- advil, mucinex, fluids. Vaccines- It is important to get a vaccine every year for that specific strain of flu. Most deaths from flu occur in people over the age of 65. What type of immunity would this be?

34. Respiratory disorders

35. Respiratory disorders Pneumonia an infection caused by fluid in the lungs. Symptoms-  cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing , rust colored or green lung sputum, wheezing. Cause- bacterial, viral or fungal Treatment- antibiotics, anti-fungals, advil, tylenol, mucinex. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

36. Respiratory disorders Pneumothorax A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, is the collection of air in the space around the lungs. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath. Symptoms- sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, cyanosis, chest tightness, rapid respirations and heart rate, decreased oxygen saturation, anxious. Only one side of the chest will rise when breathing. Cause-occurs when air escapes from the lung and fills up the space outside of the lung, inside the chest. It may be caused by a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures. Treatment- Oxygen, chest tube, surgery. Can be life threatening

37. Respiratory disorders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stn9TC9vS98 What can cause a pneumothorax? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

38. Respiratory disorders Sinusitis Inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. Normally, sinuses are filled with air, but when sinuses become blocked and filled with fluid, germs (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) can grow and cause an infection. Symptoms- facial pain, pressure over eyes, rhinorrhea, headache nasal stuffiness, loss of smell, fever, chills. Treatment-Antibiotics, pain relievers, decongestants, neti pots. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve9lYYwFhkQ 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

39. Respiratory disorders Tuberculosis an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB primarily affects the lungs, but it can also affect organs in the central nervous system, lymphatic system, and circulatory system among others. The disease was called "consumption" in the past because of the way it would consume from within anyone who became infected. Spread - through tiny droplets of infected sputum in the air. . If an infected person coughs, sneezes, shouts, or spits, bacteria can enter the air and come into contact with uninfected people who breath the bacteria into their lungs. Diagnosed- through PPD, chest x-ray and sputum culture 

40. Respiratory disorders Tuberculosis Symptoms- cough with blood tinged sputum, weight loss, night sweats, fever, fatigue, dyspnea, chest tightness, swollen lymph nodes, pneumonia. Who is Susceptible- Those who live with others who have active TB infections, Poor or homeless people, Illegal aliens, Foreign-born people who come from countries with endemic TB, Older people, nursing home residents, and prison inmates, Alcoholics and intravenous drug users, Those who suffer from malnutrition, Diabetics, cancer patients, and those with HIV/AIDS or other immune system problems, Health-care workers, Workers in refugee camps or shelters Treatment-TB is treated with INH as well as drugs such as rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide

41. Respiratory disorders Tuberculosis The largest barrier to successful treatment is that patients tend to stop taking their medicines because they begin to feel better. It is important to finish medications in order to completely eradicate the TB bacteria from the body. This causes the bacteria to become antibiotic resistant.

42. Respiratory disorders What type of standard precautions should be followed? • Tuberculosis 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

43. Processing • Respiratory Disorders Worksheet x2 • Respiratory System Study Guide • Study for exam tomorrow 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

44. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions • What are the functions of the respiratory system? • What are some disorders of the respiratory system? • How are disorders of the respiratory system treated? • What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity? • How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system