1 / 22

Mongols

Mongols. Mongols. Nomadism in Central Asia. Nomadic groups depended on scarce water and pasture resources Conflicts arose, alliances began, migrations too place. Mongol Groups. Strongly hierarchical organization headed by a single leader or khan

tuan
Télécharger la présentation

Mongols

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Mongols

  2. Mongols

  3. Nomadism in Central Asia • Nomadic groups depended on scarce water and pasture resources • Conflicts arose, alliances began, migrations too place

  4. Mongol Groups • Strongly hierarchical organization headed by a single leader or khan • Khans had to ask that their decisions be ratified by a council of leaders • Powerful groups demanded and received tribute in goods and slaves from those lass powerful • Marriage alliances formed complex federations of powerful groups

  5. Mongol religion and politics • Mongol khans were thought to represent the Sky God • Seen as universal rulers who transcended and used the various religions of their subjects

  6. Mongol Conquest and trades • 1206-1234 • Genghis Khan and his successors conquuered all of North China • 1234-1265 • Three mongol groups united and recognized the authority of the Great Khan of Mongolia • Interacted with Eurasia through trade • Led to significant transfer of military and scientific knowledge between Europe, Mideast, China, Iran and Japan

  7. 1294- After Genghis Khans expansion

  8. The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters" • -GENGHIS KHAN

  9. Great Khan • Khubilai Khan declared himself Great Khan 1265 • Some khans refused to recognize him • Yuan emppire founded by Khubilai Khan in 1271, Beijing as capital

  10. Mongol Superiority • Superior horsemanship • Better bows • Following arrows with cavakry charge • Adopted new military technology • Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers into armies • Reputation for slaughter of those who did not surrender • Ability to take advantage of rivalriers among enemies

  11. Succession in Mongol Empire • The Mongols did not have a FIRM fraternal/lineal succession. • Instead, it was both a legal and political struggle. • Each faction would present a case for itself and point up the defects in their rivals. • The right to rule also had to be maintained by military power to defeat any rivals. • Military success always justified irregular successions. • The regent, the principal wife of the previous Khan, would rule until a successor has been determined. • Therefore, the Mongols had problems in passing a united empire to the sons and grandsons of the founder. • Genghis did not name a successor until 1218 when he was reminded that even great conquerors die

  12. Succession in Mongol Empire • Genghis wanted to name his eldest son, Jochi朮赤 (c.1185-1227), as his successor but his second son (Chaghadai) objected to Jochi’s paternity as their mother had been kidnapped, held captive for several months, then had returned pregnant. • Genghis made it clear, at a tribal meeting, that Jochi was his legitimate first born son but in order not to split the empire he would not name either of the first two sons as successor but would name his third son, Ögedei. • Jochi was given lands in the Siberian steppes; his descendants later ruled the area called the Golden Horde (1378-1440s) in present day Russia.

  13. Succession in Mongol Empire • Ögedei’s succession and confirmation by election as Khan raised him and his line to a position of superiority but Toloui had inherited his father’s personal forces which made him very powerful. • Ögedei Khan had named the favorite son of one of his wives to succeed him and when the heir died, he named his grandson – the son of the heir, Shiremun – as his successor. • His principal wife, Töregene, opposed the choice as she wanted the succession to go to her eldest son, Güyük, but she was unable to persuade Ögedei to change his selection. • Some say that she then encouraged Ögedei to drink to hasten his death and when he did not die fast enough, she or her sisters eventually poisoned him (1241). • Güyük, rushed to the capital when he heard of his father’s death

  14. Succession in Mongol Empire • Ögedei’s brothers had all died so his principal wife and widow, Toregene, became regent for five years. • She issued decrees enabling her to rule directly and appointed her favorites to high positions. • She distributed gifts to influential people to buy support for her son. • It took her four years to ensure the succession of her son, Güyük, as he had made powerful enemies. • The arguments for opposition to Güyük’s succession were: • Ögedei’s successors had not been given dynastic succession rights by Genghis Khan so the question remained open as to whether the succession should remain in Ögedei’s line. • If succession should remain in his line, then a successor had already been named – the grandson, Shiremun.

  15. Succession in Mongol Empire • If succession should be fraternal, the throne should go to Jochi’s sons, who were the most senior heirs of the next generation. • If there was a problem about Jochi’s legitimacy, then it should go to Chaghadai’s sons; then Toloui’s sons. • Ögedei’s sons pushed for their rights -- if they succeeded then the succession would remain in their line in future generations. • By the time the council was convened, Toregene had gathered support for her son. • Batu, heir to Jochi’s line, did not support Güyük refused to attend the council though he did send his brothers. • Güyük received the greatest support at the Council and was enthroned; he said that future succession would be limited to Ögedei’s descendants

  16. Succession in Mongol Empire • After his mother’s death, Güyük wanted to increase his personal powers and so he: • Executed his mother’s advisors. • Interfered in the succession politics of the Chaghadai line appointing Chaghadai’s surviving son who was not popular instead of the one Chagatia had named – the grandson. • He tried to reduce the power of the Toloui line by reducing the number of imperial troops under its command. • His greatest problem was in dealing with Batu, from Jochi’s line, as he commanded a powerful army in the Siberian steppes. • He organized the armies of the east and planned to attack Batu but died before he was able to do so (1248)

  17. Succession in Mongol Empire • There was now another succession struggle; Güyük’s widow became regent but she was unable to maintain authority as: • Güyük had ruled for only two years and so had not gathered enough power. • His two sons were both young and were competing against their cousin Shiremun – grandson of Ögedei. • Jochi’s son, Batu, called for a Council in the west as he had gout and could not travel but the sons of Ögedei, Güyük, and Chaghadai refused to participate arguing that a legal Council could only be held in the Mongol heartland. • The Mongol heartland was under the regent, Beki, widow of Touloui -- Ghenghis’ youngest son

  18. Succession in Mongol Empire • Under Beki’s leadership, the family had outwardly given complete support to Güyük and had made no protest over his taking their military units away from them. • Behind the scenes, Beki quietly befriended many of Güyük’s opponents, building political support for her sons. • Beki now saw her opportunity to gain the throne for sons. • Instead of holding the Council in the heartland, she told her sons to travel to Batu’s camp where Batu declared Beki’s son, Mongke (r. 1251-1259), his choice for Great Khan. • Batu said that Güyük’s succession was a usurpation as Ögedei had named his grandson, Shiremun, as his choice for the Great Khan. • He said that the throne could not be left to Ögedei’s descendants as they were too young.

  19. Succession in Mongol Empire • Batu’s support of Mongke was critical as Batu had more of a right to the throne than Möngke as he was the senior descendant of Genghis. • Batu renounced his rights and in exchange for full autonomy in the west. • Beki’s reputation for loyalty was used as to show the qualifications of her sons to the empire’s highest offices – her four sons – Möngke, Khubilai, Huglagu (Persia), and AriqBoke (d.1266) (Mongol homeland) – all became kings. • Without her, the sons would not have replaced the lineage of Ögedei as the main Mongolian royal line. • Möngke succeeded as Khan and had the regent, Güyük’s widow, placed in a sack and drowned; he also had supporters of the Ögedei line put to death.

  20. Succession in Mongol Empire • In 1259 the Great Khan Möngke died, Touloui’s second eldest son, Khubilai Khan, stopped battling Song China and rushed back to have himself elected Khan (1260). • AriqBoke, youngest son of Touloui and commander of the Mongol homelands had himself elected Khan at another council. • Civil war broke out and eventually split the Mongol Empire into virtually independent Khanates. • AriqBoke was captured in 1264 and died two years later. • Succession problems continued throughout the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368: 97 years) with nine Khans ascending the throne after Khubilai Khan’s death in 1294 to 1368 (74 years: average 8 years each) resulting in bureaucratic turnover and reversals of state policies – these succession problems resulted in unrest and revolutions until the end of the Yuan dynasty.

  21. Succession and Decline Khan Succession Decline of the Mongols • Genghis Khan • Ogedei • Regent of Ogedei • Guyuk • Regent of guyuk • Regent of Genghis Khans youngest son • Mongke • Kubliai Khan vs. Ariq • Khubilai Khan • 1294-1368- 9 khans exchange throne • Control of china • Instability of succession • Western influence • Bubonic Plaque

More Related