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Chapter 23

Chapter 23. Organic Chemistry. Mr. Watson. HST. Methane. Butanes. Cycloalkanes. Gasoline-Knocking. Internal Combustion Engine. Box 8.2, pg. 285 Text C 9 H 20(l) + 14O 2(g) ---> 9CO 2(g) + 10H 2 O (g). CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 - C - CH 2 - CH - CH 3

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 Organic Chemistry Mr. Watson HST

  2. Mr. Watson

  3. Methane Mr. Watson

  4. Butanes Mr. Watson

  5. Cycloalkanes Mr. Watson

  6. Gasoline-Knocking Mr. Watson

  7. Mr. Watson

  8. Internal Combustion Engine • Box 8.2, pg. 285 Text C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) ---> 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(g) CH3 CH3 | | CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH3 | CH3 isooctane octane number = 100 CH3- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3 n-heptane octane number = 0 Mr. Watson

  9. Octane Rating (R+M)/2 • R - RON - research octane number, indicates the quality of the fuel used under normal driving conditions. The car is driving on level ground ~ 45 miles/hour. The RON engine is operating at 600 RPMs with normal carboration. Mr. Watson

  10. Octane Rating (R+M)/2 • M - MON - MON testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON. Mr. Watson

  11. Octane Rating (R+M)/2 • engine is operated under test conditions • degree of knocking determined • fuel is then blended from n-heptane and isooctane to duplicate conditions • percentages measured, 87% isooctane, 87 octane gasoline Mr. Watson

  12. Oxygenated & Reformulated Gasolines • Oxygenated Gasolines – gasoline blends with organic compunds that contain oxygen, such as MTBE, methanol, ethanol, and tert-butyl alcohol • Reformulated Gasolines – oxygenated gasolines that contain lower percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons and have a lower volatility than ordinary gasoline Mr. Watson

  13. Catalytic Cracking • A process that uses a catalyst, heat, and pressure to break long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain hydrocarbons including both alkanes and alkenes, many in the gasoline boiling point range • Alkenes have higher octane numbers than corresponding alkanes Mr. Watson

  14. Ethylene Mr. Watson

  15. Mr. Watson

  16. Addition Polymer • polymer formed by joining many molecules of the same compound to form the large molecule • The compound usually contains a carbon-carbon double bond Mr. Watson

  17. Condensation Polymer • polymer formed by molecules of two different compounds joining to form the large molecule • one compound usually has an amine functional group • other molecule has carboxylic acid functional group • split out water molecule to form peptide linkage Mr. Watson

  18. Mr. Watson

  19. Uses for Plastic Containers Soft-drink bottles, most commonly recycled plastic Milk, juice and water jugs. Recycled HDPE used as trash containers, drainage pipes, garbage bags, and fencing. Second most commonly recycled plastic. Mr. Watson

  20. Uses for Plastic Containers vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards, window profiles, gramophone records (which is the source of the term vinyl records), insultation on electrical wire, pipe, plumbing and conduit fixtures. various containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for computer components, and various molded laboratory equipment. Its most common use is in plastic bags Mr. Watson

  21. Plastic Containers food packaging, ropes, textiles, stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes plastic model assembly kits, license plate frames, plastic cutlery, CD "jewel" cases Mr. Watson

  22. Plastic Containers Container manufactured using a blend of plastics, eg two or more plastics (PET and any other polymer), the container should be identified 7. Mr. Watson

  23. Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET) + Mr. Watson

  24. Polyethylene Mr. Watson

  25. Polyethylene Mr. Watson

  26. Polyvinyl Chloride Mr. Watson

  27. Polypropylene Mr. Watson

  28. Polystyrene Mr. Watson

  29. Benzene-Aromaticity Mr. Watson

  30. Toluene Mr. Watson

  31. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene O2N NO2 HNO3 H2SO4 N O2 Mr. Watson

  32. Mr. Watson

  33. Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids Alcohol R’-O-H O Carboxylic acid R-C-O-H O Ester R-C-O- R’ where R & R’=> alkyl group => CH3-(CH2)n- n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc = = Mr. Watson

  34. Triglycerides – Fats and Oils  Soap O CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R O CH -O-H Na-O-C-R’ O CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R” = = O CH2-O-C-R O CH -O-C-R’ O CH2-O-C-R” = = NaOH heat = = fatty acid salts glycerol fat or oil Mr. Watson

  35. Triglycerides – Fats and Oils  Biodiesel O CH3-O-C-R CH2-O-H CH -O-H CH2-O-H = = O CH2-O-C-R O CH -O-C-R’ O CH2-O-C-R” + O CH3-O-C-R’ = = 3 CH3OH + heat = + O CH3-O-C-R” glycerol = fat or oil methyl esters biodiesel Mr. Watson

  36. Triglycerides – Fats, Saturated = O CH2-O-C-C7H15 O CH -O-C-C7H15 O CH2-O-C-C7H15 = = saturated – fat - solid Mr. Watson

  37. Triglycerides – Oils, Unsaturated O CH2-O-C-(CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3 O CH -O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3 O CH2-O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3 = = = unsaturated – oil - liquid Mr. Watson

  38. Nitroglycerin CH2-O-H CH -O-H CH2-O-H CH2-NO2 CH –NO2 CH2-NO2 - - HNO3 - - Mr. Watson

  39. Cholesterol Mr. Watson

  40. Alcohols Methanol – CH3OH Ethanol – CH3CH2OH Mr. Watson

  41. Ethanol CH3CH2OH  CH2=CH2 + H2 ethanol catalyst ethylene Important in 1970-1990s for plastic production Mr. Watson

  42. Sugars Mr. Watson

  43. Ethanol C6H12O6 3 CH3CH2OH glucose enzyme ethanol unbalanced Mr. Watson

  44. Starch (C6H12O6)n 3n CH3CH2OH starch enzyme ethanol corn unbalanced Important in 21st century as source of fuel Mr. Watson

  45. Synthetic Rubber 1,3-Butadiene ( )n = = = n  butadiene rubber Mr. Watson

  46. Synthetic Rubber vulcanization Mr. Watson

  47. Neoprene Rubber s Cl Cl = = s s Cl SCl2  s s n s s s s Cl Cl Cl = = s Cl Cl s s Mr. Watson

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