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Objective 5

Objective 5. Infection Control. Microorganisms / Microbes. Small living organisms invisible to the naked eye Some beneficial…some pathogenic while some helpful Types: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, rickettsiae , virus Anaerobic organisms: live without oxygen (treat with hyperbaric pressure)

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Objective 5

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  1. Objective 5 Infection Control

  2. Microorganisms / Microbes Small living organisms invisible to the naked eye Some beneficial…some pathogenic while some helpful Types: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, rickettsiae, virus Anaerobic organisms: live without oxygen (treat with hyperbaric pressure) Aerobic: need oxygen to live

  3. Types of Infection • Pathogenic • Opportunistic • Occurs when immune system is compromised (i.e. Aids patients) • Nosocomial • Acquired while hospitalized

  4. Bacteria One celled that multiply rapidly Classified by shape and arrangement Diseases: necrotizing fascitis, TB (airborne), gonorrhea, chlamydia

  5. Protozoa • One celled often found in decaying materials and contaminated water • May contain flagella which aid in movement • Some are pathogenic • i.e. malaria, trichomonas

  6. Fungi Plantlike organism that lives on dead, organic matter Some pathogenic: yeast, mold Diseases from fungi: thrush (candidaalbicans), ringworm, athletes foot Cannot be killed by antibiotics

  7. Rickettsaie Micro-parasite that lives within an organism Commonly found in fleas, ticks, and mites Transmitted by bite of organism Common diseases: typhus fever, rocky mountain spotted fever Many killed with antibiotics

  8. Virus Smallest living organism Lives in other living things Cannot reproduce without being in another living cell Spread by blood and bodily fluids Difficult to kill…not antibiotics…many resistant to disinfectants i.e. hepatitis, Aids, rhino virus

  9. Standard Precautions • Breaks the chain of infection • Most important step in preventing infection is handwashing • i.e. mouth pieces used in cpr prevent contamination • Also called Universal Precautions • Barriers used on every patient where there may be blood or body fluid exposure • i.e. gloves, mask gown (PPE = personal protective equipment)

  10. Types of Precautions Standard – Universal precautions Contact – gloves, gown Respiratory (system with portals of entry) – respirator mask Droplet – requires PPE within 3 feet of patient

  11. Isolation Isolation precautions may be needed (2 persons needed to transfer things out of an isolation unit) Protective / Reverse isolation – protects patients who are immunocompromised

  12. OSHA Standards • Developed standards concerning standard precaution guidelines • Page 136 in resource guide…Standard precautions rules developed by the FDA and CDC • Complete Infection Control Review • pg 138 in resource guide

  13. Disinfection Used for aseptic control…however does not kill spores or viruses Typically used for instruments or items that do not penetrate body tissue (i.e. percussion hammers, thermometers)

  14. Disinfection cont’d • Usually a chemical • 90% isopropyl alcohol (antisepsis….inhibiting microbial growth…alcohol swab) • 10% bleach solution • Lysol • 15 – 30 mins in boiling water • Time needed for disinfection action of a particular chemical is on the label…read a label 3 times before use! • Ultrasonic unit commonly used in dental and medical offices to disinfect • Uses sound waves to create millions of bubbles • Bubbles then hit an instrument and explode driving cleaning solution into instrument

  15. Autoclave Steam under pressure Destroys ALL microbes (including spores and viruses)

  16. Autoclave cont’d Instruments must be clean and wrapped in a steam-penetrating material with an indicator strip included or wrapped around wrapping May not be used on instruments that are sensitive to steam / water (i.e. reflex hammers…due to the rubber tip)

  17. Sterilization Frees objects from ALL microorganisms Autoclave is a type of sterilization Sterile = free from all microogranisms Contaminated = organisms / pathogens are present

  18. Sterile Field Area free from all pathogens Need clean working area to open / work with sterile package or equipment Do not reach over sterile field 1 – 2 inch border considered contaminated

  19. Sterile Field cont’d Never turn your back on a sterile field Sterile gloves are contaminated on the inside

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