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Cell Organelles

Cell Organelles. Eukaryotes. K. Found in the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia Have Cell Organelles. Animal cell. Bacterial cell. Cell size comparison. most bacteria 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns. micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter

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Cell Organelles

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  1. Cell Organelles

  2. Eukaryotes • K. Found in the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia Have Cell Organelles

  3. Animal cell Bacterial cell Cell size comparison most bacteria • 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns • micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter • diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

  4. Bill Nye Greatest Discoveries: The Cell and Microorganisms • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Q7kz75G4Ck&feature=autoplay&list=PL00E31FC99102BE91&playnext=1

  5. Why study cells? • Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies • bodies are made up of cells • cells do all the work of life!

  6. The Work of Life • What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… • “breathe” • gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out • eat • take in & digest food • make energy • ATP • build molecules • proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids • remove wastes • control internal conditions • homeostasis • respond to external environment • build more cells • growth, repair, reproduction & development ATP

  7. The Jobs of Cells • Cells have 3 main jobs • make energy • need energy for all activities • need to clean up waste produced while making energy • make proteins • proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them • make more cells • for growth • to replace damaged or diseased cells ATP Our organellesdo all thesejobs!

  8. Organelles • Organelles do the work of cells • each structure has a job to do • keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They’re likemini-organs! Model Animal Cell

  9. Golgi mitochondria chloroplast ER Why organelles? • Specialized structures • specialized functions • cilia or flagella for locomotion • Containers • partition cell into compartments • create different local environments • separate pH, or concentration of materials • distinct & incompatible functions • lysosome & its digestive enzymes • Membranes as sites for chemical reactions • unique combinations of lipids & proteins • embedded enzymes & reaction centers • chloroplasts & mitochondria

  10. Cell Organelles

  11. Cell Membrane • A. Separates the cytoplasm of the cell from its environment • B. Protects the cell & controls what enters and leaves • C. Cell membranes are selectively permeable only allowing certain materials to enter or leave

  12. D. Composed of a lipid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules

  13. E. The hydrophilic head of a phospholipid is polar & composed of a glycerol & phosphate group and points to the aqueous cytoplasm and external environment. • F. The two hydrophobic tails are nonpolar point toward each other in the center of the membrane & are composed of two fatty acids

  14. G. When phospholipids are placed in water, they line up on the water’s surface with their heads sticking into the water & their tails pointing upward from the surface. • H. The inside of the cell or cytoplasm is an aqueous or watery environment & so is the outside of the cell. Phospholipid "heads" point toward the water.

  15. I. Phospholipid "tails" are sandwiched inside the lipid bilayer. • J. The cell membrane is constantly breaking down & being reformed inside living cells. • K. Certain small molecules such as CO2, H2O, & O2 can easily pass through the phospholipids

  16. Membrane Proteins • A. A variety of protein molecules are embedded in the cell’s lipid bilayer.

  17. B. Some proteins called peripheral proteins are attached to the external & internal surface of the cell membrane C. Integral proteins or transmembrane proteins are embedded & extend across the entire cell membrane. These are exposed to both the inside of the cell & the exterior environment. D. Other integral proteins extend only to the inside or only to the exterior surface.

  18. E. Cell membrane proteins help move materials into & out of the cell. F. Some integral proteins called channel proteins have holes or pores through them so certain substances can cross the cell membrane. G. Channel proteins help move ions (charged particles) such as Na+, Ca+, & K+ across the cell membrane

  19. H. Transmembrane proteins bind to a substance on one side of the membrane & carry it to the other side. e.g. glucose I. Some embedded, integral proteins have carbohydrate chains attached to them to serve as chemical signals to help cells recognize each other or for hormones or viruses to attach

  20. Fluid Mosaic Model A. The phospholipids & proteins in a cell membrane can drift or move side to side making the membrane appear "fluid".

  21. B. The proteins embedded in the cell membrane form patterns or mosaics. C. Because the membrane is fluid with a pattern or mosaic of proteins, the modern view of the cell membrane is called the fluid mosaic model.

  22. Cell membrane phosphate“head” • Function • separates cell from outside • controls what enters or leaves cell • O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste • recognizes signals from other cells • allows communication between cells • Structure • double layer of fat • phospholipid bilayer • receptor molecules • proteins that receive signals lipid “tail”

  23. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

  24. Cytoplasm A. Cytoplasm includes everything between the nucleus and cell membrane. B. Cytoplasm is composed of organelles & cytosol (jellylike material consisting of mainly water along with proteins. C. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not

  25. Mitochondria D. Mitochondria are large organelles with double membranes where cellularrespiration (breaking down glucose to get energy) occurs • 1. Energy from glucose is used to make ATP or adenosine triphosphate

  26. 2. Cells use the ATP molecule for energy • 3. More active cells like muscle cells have more mitochondria • 4. Outer membrane is smooth, while inner membrane has long folds called cristae

  27. 5. Have their own DNA to make more mitochondria when needed

  28. Mitochondria • Function • make ATP energy from cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • fuels the work of life • Structure • double membrane ATP in both animal & plant cells

  29. Cells need workers = proteins! • Making proteins • to run daily life & growth, the cell must… • read genes (DNA) • build proteins • structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) • enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) • signals (hormones) & receptors • organelles that do this work… • nucleus • ribosomes • endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus

  30. Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells

  31. Ribosomes E. Ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane & are where proteins are made in the cytoplasm (protein synthesis) • 1. Most numerous organelle • 2. May be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

  32. Ribosomes • Function • protein factories • read instructions to build proteins from DNA • Structure • some free in cytoplasm • some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER

  33. Endoplasmic reticulum F. Endoplasmic reticulum are membranous tubules & sacs that transport molecules from one part of the cell to another

  34. 1. Rough ER has embedded ribosomes on its surfaces for making proteins

  35. 2. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & helps break down poisons, wastes, & other toxic chemicals 3. Smooth ER also helps process carbohydrates & lipids (fats) 4. The ER network connects the nucleus with the cell membrane

  36. Smooth ER function • Membrane production • Many metabolic processes • synthesis • synthesize lipids • oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones • hydrolysis • hydrolyze glycogen into glucose • in liver • detoxify drugs & poisons • in liver • ex. alcohol & barbiturates

  37. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function • works on proteins • helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them • makes membranes • Structure • rough ER • ribosomes attached • works on proteins • smooth ER • makes membranes

  38. Types of ER rough smooth

  39. Golgi Apparatus G. Golgi Apparatus modifies, packages, & helps secrete cell products such as proteins and hormones 1. Consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae 2. Receives products made by the ER

  40. Golgi Apparatus

  41. Golgi Apparatus • Function • finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins • like UPS headquarters • shipping & receiving department • ships proteins in vesicles • “UPS trucks” • Structure • membrane sacs vesicles carrying proteins transport vesicles

  42. The Protein Assembly Line Golgiapparatus ribosome ER Building Proteins • Organelles involved • nucleus • ribosomes • endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus • vesicles nucleus vesicles

  43. TO: TO: TO: endoplasmicreticulum nucleus proteinon its way! DNA RNA vesicle vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finishedprotein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins

  44. nucleus cell membrane nuclear pore protein secreted rough ER vesicle ribosome proteins smooth ER transport vesicle Golgi apparatus cytoplasm Making proteins Putting it together…

  45. . Lysosomes H. Lysosomes are small organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes to digest materials for the cell 1. Single membrane

  46. 2. Formed from the ends of Golgi that pinch off 3. Found in most cells except plant cells

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