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Earth

Earth. Our Beautiful Home. Vital Statistics. Mass = 6.0 x 10 24 kg (1 M  ) Radius = 6378 km (1R  ) Average density = 5520 kg/m 3 Tilt = 23.5 o Revolution = 365.26 days Distance from sun = 1.496 x 10 8 km (1AU) Magnetic field present

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Earth

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  1. Earth

  2. Our Beautiful Home

  3. Vital Statistics • Mass = 6.0 x 1024 kg (1 M) • Radius = 6378 km (1R) • Average density = 5520 kg/m3 • Tilt = 23.5o • Revolution = 365.26 days • Distance from sun = 1.496 x 108 km (1AU) • Magnetic field present • Atmosphere = 78% N2and 21% O2 (and other trace gases) • 71% water • Albedo = 0.37 (37% of sunlight reflected back into space) • Tav = 13 - 15oC • 1 moon

  4. The Spheres

  5. Atmosphere Average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch!

  6. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse gases: • CO2 • CH4 • NOx • H2O

  7. The Ozone Layer

  8. Hydrosphere • All the Earth’s water: • Oceans • Ground water • Streams • Lakes • Air • Soil • Cryosphere

  9. Lithosphere Crust Composition

  10. Plate Tectonics • Motions of large segments (plates) of the Earth’s surface caused by convective motions in the underlying mantle • Earthquakes • Formation of volcanoes • Continental drifts

  11. Biosphere • Sum of all ecosystems • Connects spheres together • Cycling of materials

  12. The Carbon Cycle Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + NRG Photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + solar NRG --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

  13. The Nitrogen Cycle

  14. The Phosphate Cycle

  15. Earth’s Layers

  16. Interesting Fact: Magnetic Field sometimes flips (last one occurred 600,000 yrs ago

  17. Solar wind particles sometimes leak through magnetic fields near the poles, colliding with gases in the upper atmosphere

  18. Revolution and Rotation • Earth’s revolution and rotation • Counterclockwise (looking down from North Pole) • Tilt • Seasons • Orbit • Elliptical • Sun at a focus

  19. Our Moon • Mass = 7.35 x 1022 kg • Radius = 1738 km • Density = 3340 kg/m3 • Cycle of Lunar Phases = 29.5 days

  20. Origin of the Moon • The prevailing theory is that a large object smashed into Earth ejecting debris into space which collected to form the moon

  21. Orbit of the Moon • Inclined about 5 degrees from Earth/Sun orbit • Rotation – 27.5 days • Revolution – 27.5 days • What is the consequence of this? • Synchronous rotation

  22. Phases of the Moon http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2503/es2503page01.cfm

  23. Eclipses • Solar Eclipse: • http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2505/es2505page01.cfm • Lunar Eclipse: • http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2504/es2504page01.cfm

  24. Eclipse Vocabulary • Umbra – area of total shadow • Penumbra – area of partial shadow • Annular – eclipse does not cover the entire area of the Sun • Total - eclipse covers the entire area of the Sun

  25. Calendar of solar eclipses • http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html

  26. Tides • An ocean tide refers to the cyclic rise and fall of seawater. • Caused by slight variations in gravitational attraction between the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun • Tides are periodic primarily because of the of the Earth's rotation. • http://museum.gov.ns.ca/fossils/protect/tideanim.htm

  27. The Bay of Fundy • The highest tides occur near Wolfville, Nova Scotia. • The water level at high tide can be as much as 16 meters higher than at low tide. • Small Atlantic tides drive the Bay of Fundy/Gulf of Maine system near resonance to produce the huge tides. • High tides happen every 12 hours and 25 minutes • Near mid-tide at Cape Split, one may hear the "voice of the Moon" in the form of the roar emitted by turbulent tidal currents. • At mid-tide, the flow in Minas Cannel north of Blomidon equals the combined flow of all the rivers and streams on Earth! • Nova Scotia bends when the tide comes in! As 14 billion tonnes (14 cubic kilometers) of sea water flow into Minas Basin twice daily, the Nova Scotia countryside actually tilts slightly under the immense load!

  28. Spring tide • Sun, Moon, and Earth are aligned • Sun and Moon create tides in the same direction • Highest • Occur every new and full Moon

  29. Neap tide • Sun and Moon are at right angles • First and Third Quarter • Gravitational forces compete • Tidal distortion is the least pronounced

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