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Agro Ecosystem Development in Southeast Asia

Agro Ecosystem Development in Southeast Asia. Freidrich Seewald. 1) End of Pleistocene: development of new strategies (food production) responding to change in resource availability. 2) Mid-Holocene: formation of agro ecosystems as a new type of social risk. Lisa Kealhofer’s Analysis.

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Agro Ecosystem Development in Southeast Asia

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  1. Agro Ecosystem Development in Southeast Asia Freidrich Seewald

  2. 1) End of Pleistocene: development of new strategies (food production) responding to change in resource availability 2) Mid-Holocene: formation of agro ecosystems as a new type of social risk Lisa Kealhofer’s Analysis Agriculture production was propagated by 2 distinct events There is no evidence of environmental change in the mid-Holocene that would have caused changes in farming practices

  3. Cenozoic Time Scale

  4. Kealhofer’s Analysis VS

  5. Kealhofer’s Analysis • Agro ecosystem development was separate from domestication • Domestication was caused by environmental risk • Agro ecosystems were developed by changing social risks

  6. Social Risks • Group dynamics, economic, political, and religious (food tributes)

  7. Kealhofer’s Analysis • Evidence that early Holocene experienced increased rainfall and more frequent burning (swiddening) • Both of these suggest increased cultural management of ecosystems

  8. Kealhofer’s Analysis • Rainfall amounts and burning frequency occurred at different rates in Thailand • Resulted in regional differences in development • Central coastal and Northeast- 5000BCE • Central inland- 3000BCE • Southern- 2000BCE

  9. Kealhofer’s Take Home • The spread of agro ecosystems caused changes in social organization (friction) • New social groups • New roles for families • These may have intensified and moderated the friction

  10. Dorian Fuller et al.’s Analysis • Wet Rice Production and Methane levels

  11. Fuller at al. • Wet rice production produces methane • After 3000BC CH4 began increasing, therefore so did wet rice production • As rice production increased, per capita land use decreased and population rose

  12. Fuller et al. • The beginnings of rice agriculture were in the early-middle Holocene • Congruent with Kealhofer’s second event

  13. Fuller et al. • Rice domestication came to Southeast Asia from China • In Thailand Khok Phanom Di 2000BC • Northeast, Ban Chiang (earlier than Khok Phanom Di) • Majority of early rice fields were in naturally flooding zones

  14. Fuller et al. • 3000-1000 years ago livestock was dispersed throughout Southeast Asia

  15. Fuller et al. Take Home • Wet rice/livestock spread trend closely fits the Holocene methane curve • Increase in wet rice production and the increased domestication contributed to the increasing methane levels

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