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Gram Positive Bacillus

Gram Positive Bacillus. Medically Important GPR. Bacillus Clostridium Listeria Erysipelothrix Lactobacillus Actinobacteria Streptomyces Proprionibacterineae Corynebacterium Nocardia Mycobacterium. Bacillus anthracis. Characterisitics GPR FA Capsule Spore: central endospore

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Gram Positive Bacillus

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  1. Gram Positive Bacillus

  2. Medically Important GPR • Bacillus • Clostridium • Listeria • Erysipelothrix • Lactobacillus • Actinobacteria • Streptomyces • Proprionibacterineae • Corynebacterium • Nocardia • Mycobacterium

  3. Bacillus anthracis • Characterisitics • GPR • FA • Capsule • Spore: central endospore • Nonmotile • Reservoir, zoonotic • Hoof stock (sheep, cattle, goats) • Fur, hides (textile workers) • Soil contaminated with spores • Virulence • Capsule • Spore • Exotoxin (anthrax toxin) • Necrosis • Edema • Protective Ag

  4. Pathogenicity

  5. B. anthracis diseases • Exposure • Inhalation • Inoculation • Ingestion meat • Dz • Gastrointestinal • Hemmorhage/death • Cutaneous • Eschar/toxemia • Inhalation • Toxemia/death

  6. B. anthracis Cutaneous Anthrax: Eschar

  7. B. anthracis • Dx • Culture/Isolation • Tx • AB (cipro) • Prevention • Vaccination (toxoid) • Proper disposal • Chemical disinfection • Burn carcasses

  8. B. cereus • Characteristics • Aerobic • Non-encapsulated • Motile • spore • Virulence • Spores • Enterotoxins • Hemolysins • Lecithinase (pLC) • Dz • Food poisoning • Catheter sepsis • Ocular infections

  9. B. subtilis • Location • Soil • Decaying organic matter • Nonpathogenic • Research organism • Endospores • antibiotics • Commercial use • Enzyme production • Insect toxin • Fungicide • Food spoilage

  10. Clostridium • Examples • C. tetani • C. perfringes • C. botulinum • Characteristics • GPR • Obligate anaerobes • Motile • Spore former (terminal) • Exotoxins

  11. C. perfringens • Membrane disrupting toxin (phospholipids) • Alpha toxin (lecithinase) • Rupture RBCs • Destroy Tissue • Enzymes • Collagenase • Hyaluronidase • DNase • CH2O fermentation Gas • Exposure • Puncture wounds, fractures • Surgical • Contaminated food • Diseases • Food poisoning • Improper cooking • V/D • Gas gangrene • Anaerobic cellulitis • myonecrosis

  12. Gas Gangrene Treatment Debride AB Hyperbaric O2

  13. C. tetani • Epidemiology: saphrophyte • Soil • Dust • GI tract • Wounds (deep) • Burns • Umbilical stump • Animal bites • A-B neurotoxin (exotoxin) • Tetanospasm • Blocks release of inhibitory NT • Glycine • Relaxes opposing muscle • Without: both muscle groups contract • Tonic Spasms • Localized (Lockjaw) • Cephalic • Generalized • Death  respiratory failure

  14. C. tetani • Dx • Spores in wound • Blood toxin levels • Toxin neutralization test • Treatment • Antitoxin (HTIg) • AB • Debride • Curare poison • paralysis • ventilator • Prevention • Vaccination • Toxoid (DPT) • Antitoxin

  15. Tetanus neonatorum • C. tetani • Umbilical cord infected • soil, dirt rubbed on stump • Dirty instruments

  16. C. botulinum • Location • Soil • Water • Improper canning • GI tracts of animals • Epidemiology • Intoxication • Food borne • Toxin (canned food) • Infant • Ingestion of endospores • Source: honey • Wound • endospores

  17. C. botulinum • Pathogenicity • A-B neurotoxin • botulinum toxin • 7 toxins A-G • Type A • Proteolytic • Heat resistant • Type B: both • Type E • Nonproteolytic • Heat labile • Bind to neuron • prevent ACH from binding at NMJ • Flaccid paralysis • Descending • Death in 3-7 days

  18. C. botulinum • Dx • Culture/Isolation • Symptoms • Tx • Antitoxin • AB: penicillin • Ventilator • Prevention • Proper food handling • Boiling 10 minutes

  19. Botox

  20. Clostridium difficile • GI source • Epidemiology • Long term care facilities • Chronic AB use • Fecal-oral route • Pathogenicity • Toxins • Spores • Diseases • Colitis pseudomembrane • Cecal perforation = fatal

  21. Colitis

  22. Actinobacteria • Suborder Actinomycinae • Suborder Propionibacterineae • Suborder Streptomycineae • Suborder Corynebacterineae • Family Corynebacteriaceae • Family Mycobacteriaceae • Family Norcariaceae

  23. Actinomycosis • Actinomycetes • Characteristics • Anaerobic • Diseases • Abscesses • Sulfur granules • Body cavities • Jaw • Thoracic • Abd/pelvic

  24. Proprionibacterineae • GPR • Non motile, NSF • FA to aerotolerant • Catalase (+) • Location • Skin • GI • Dairy (cheese) • Types • P. acnes • Body odor • Acne • Oil glands • Acne vulgaris

  25. Streptomycineae • Streptomyces • Aerial hyphae, conidia • Obligate aerobes • Location:soil • Problems • S.C infection • Abscess • Bone destruction • Use • AB synthesis

  26. Mycobacteriaceae • Examples • M. tuberculosis • M. leprae • Characteristics • AF (mycolic acid) • Aerobic • Nonmotile, NSF • Reservoir = humans • Transmission • Respiratory droplets

  27. M. tuberculosis • Slow growing • TB • Pulmonary • Nodular scars • Calcification • T cells and macrophages  CT • Tubercle • Caseous necrosis • Disseminated (consumption) • Brain • Bone • Kidneys • GI • LN • Skin • Disease stages • Primary • Latent • Recrudescent

  28. M. tuberculosis • Virulence factors • Mycolic acid • Decrease phagocytosis • Catalase • Mycobactin • Chelates iron • Dx • Culture/isolation of sputum • Radiography of chest • TB skin test (PPD) • Tx • multi-drug • Resistance • Research: rDNA vaccine

  29. M. Leprae (Hansen’s bacillus) • Slow growing • Epidemiology • Tropical environments (TX) • Not readily communicated • Types • Tuberculoid • Rash with plaques • Nerve damage • Lepramatous (Leproid) • Erythemia nodosum • Neuritis • Ulceration/bacteremia • Skin appendage loss Treatment: AB

  30. Corynebacterium • C. diptheriae • Characteristics • Club shaped • Weakly AF • Metachromic granules • Epidemiology • Source: carriers • Cutaneous • Fomites • Respiratory infection • Aerosol • Pharynx, LN, tonsils • Pseudomembrane • Pathogenicity • Diptheria toxin • A-B exotoxin • A: Inactivates proteins • B: attacks heart, NS • Neuraminidase • Protease (Dipthin) coryne = club shaped

  31. C. diptheria disease • Pseudomembrane • Pharynx and tonsils • MM • Nasal • Larynx • External ear (OM) • Conjunctiva • Vulvo-vaginal • Complications (toxins) • Edema • Myocarditis • Neuritis • Cutaneous rash

  32. C. diphtheria • Dx • Pseudomembrane • Metachromic granules • Tx • Antitoxin • AB • Prevention • Vaccination (DPT)

  33. Nocardia • N. asteroids • Characteristics • Saprophyte (soil) • Filamentous, branch • Weakly AF • Transmission • immunosuppressed • Dz • Resp: resemble TB • Skin: abscesses • Tx: AB

  34. Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus) • Characteristics • Coccobacillus • FA – microaerophilic • Lactic acid fermentation • Epidemiology • Food: meat, dairy, fruit • Environment: water • Uses • Food production • Fermented vegetables • Beverages: beer, wine, juices • Milk products: yogurt, cheese • Problems • Food spoilage

  35. Listeria • L. monocytogenes • Characteristics • Soil, mammal gut • Non caspule, NSF • Motile [petrichous flagella] • FA • Catalase (+) • Resist: Cold, pH, temp, salt, bile • Transmission • Direct: neonate, uterus • Vertical • Dz • Food poisoning (dairy) • Skin-> bacteremia-> endocarditis->NS • Tx: AB • Prevention • Cook foods • Pasteurize dairy products

  36. Food Safety

  37. Erysipelothrix • E. rhusiopathiae • Characteristics • Saphrophyte • Nonmotile, NSF • microaerophilic • Epidemiology • Water, sewage • Animals • Pathogenicity: capsule • Transmission: Fecal • Disease • Macropapular rash • Endocarditis • Septicemia • Tx • AB • Animal vaccination (pigs)

  38. Mycoplasmas • Characteristics • Lack cell walls • Pleomorphic (fried egg) • NM • FA-Obligate anaerobes • Examples • M. genitalium • M. pneumoniae • M. hominis • Diseases • Pneumonia • Uritogenital infections

  39. Wash your hands!

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