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The Apartheid Era in South Africa 1948-1994

The Apartheid Era in South Africa 1948-1994. World Studies. Definition of Apartheid. Afrikaans word meaning “apartness” or “separate” Name given to the system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948-1994. A Quick History of South Africa.

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The Apartheid Era in South Africa 1948-1994

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  1. The Apartheid Era in South Africa1948-1994 World Studies

  2. Definition of Apartheid • Afrikaans word meaning “apartness” or “separate” • Name given to the system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948-1994.

  3. A Quick History of South Africa • Pre-1652: Black Africans such as the Khoi and San live in SA. Other Bantu speakers move in later. • 1652: The Dutch (Netherlands) establish the Cape Colony (white Europeans) • Early 1800’s: the British win control of the Cape Colony, push the Dutch aka Boers out. • Boers and Africans fight, Boers and British fight as well (over gold, diamonds) • 1910: British create Union of South Africa, allow Boers (Afrikaners, white South Africans) to rule.

  4. Migrations

  5. The Western Cape aka Cape Colony • Good climate for farming, especially, grapes! • Ideal for ships to stop en route to Asia. • Beautiful scenery • Best land in Africa

  6. Pre- 1948 • Discrimination of black Africans began in colonial times under British and Dutch rule. • Blacks were given lowest paying jobs • Blacks could only own land in certain areas (8% of total land) • African National Congress (ANC) was formed to organize blacks and resist oppression. • Conditions for blacks worsened over time, including repealing voting rights.

  7. Election of 1948 • The National Party came to power • Afrikaners • Conservative, traditional values • Belief that segregation was “God’s Plan” • Immediately, the National Party implemented laws that continued segregation. • Daniel Francois Malan ->

  8. Early Laws • Mixed Marriages Act (1949) • Blacks and whites could not marry. • Population Registration Act (1950) • All South Africans assigned to one of 3 groups: • White • Colored (mixed race, inc. Asian) • African (blacks) • Group Areas Act (1950) • Blacksand whites were separated geographically. • Whites controlled best land (86%)

  9. Other laws/ restrictions • Segregated… • Transportation • Government buildings • Entertainment • Schools • Afrikaans • Only taught white history • Sexual relations • Passbooks • Sound familiar?

  10. Whites Only

  11. Passbooks • All blacks were required to carry passbooks; whites did not have to do so. • Blacks were restricted as to where they could travel within South Africa. • Blacks could be arrested for not carrying their passbooks.

  12. Townships • In cities, such as Johannesburg and Cape Town, non-whites were forced to leave their homes and live in townships. • Cheaply built homes • High population density • No elec, running water, sewers • On the edge of the city • Today, areas of high poverty (slums) • Some notable townships: Soweto (Joburg), Khayelitsha (CT), New Brighton (PE)

  13. TownshipsNear Joburg

  14. Khayelitsha Township, Cape Town

  15. Township Road

  16. Soweto, population 1,271,000

  17. Poor Area in Soweto Township

  18. Bantustans • In 1959, 8 black homelands, or Bantustans, were created throughout South Africa • In theory, each of these homelands would be governed independently by blacks. • The homelands were a “show” for the outside world….blacks experienced few rights and were further separated from the South African government.

  19. Opposition to Apartheid Non-violent means White reaction • Mass protests • Letter writing • Burning passbooks • Civil disobedience • Boycotts • Refusal to work • Based on teachings of Gandhi. • The government responded with more laws, raids, jail, and in many cases violence.

  20. Sharpeville Massacre (March 21, 1960) • Sharpeville was a township near Joburg. • Close to 20,000 blacks gathered to protest pass book laws. • Most refused to carry passbook as an act of protest. • None were armed. • Police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people, injuring 180. • Included women and children • Many were killed fleeing the scene

  21. Sharpeville

  22. Sharpeville

  23. Sharpeville

  24. Rivonia Trial (1963-64) • Leaders of the ANC, including Nelson Mandela, were tried for acts of sabotage attempting to overthrow the Apartheid system. • Most, including Mandela, were found guilty, and sentenced to life in prison. • Robben Island Prison near Cape Town • A major blow to the ANC

  25. Robben Island

  26. Mandela’s Cell

  27. Soweto Uprising (1976) • Students in Soweto (SOuthWEstTOwnship) of Jo-burg, were madthat their schools lacked materials and good teachers. • They also protested the policy of Afrikaans as one of the languages of instruction. • Angry that they had to learn the language of their oppressors—spoken nowhere else in the world—in order to function in math, science, and history classes. • On June 16th 1976 Soweto students staged a massive protestagainst Afrikaans instruction. • Armed response from the government. • Riots and fighting lasted for months. • 176 were killed, with over 1000 injured. (600/2,500)

  28. Soweto Uprising

  29. Hector Pieterson

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