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Second Battle of Ypres April 1915, 22-May 1915, 5

Second Battle of Ypres April 1915, 22-May 1915, 5. Date and location. “Second Battle of Ypres” started April 24, 1915 and finished on May 4, 1915.

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Second Battle of Ypres April 1915, 22-May 1915, 5

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  1. Second Battle of YpresApril 1915, 22-May 1915, 5

  2. Date and location • “Second Battle of Ypres” started April 24, 1915 and finished on May 4, 1915. • Battle of Ypres was a defensive war for Triple Entente as we had gained the town called Ypres and some portion of a landscape called Salient in the “first battle of Ypres” in 1914. • The result of Canadian bravery was that we only lost 3 miles (4.82 km) of the land we were protecting but the it was completely destroyed due to Germans’ heavy bombardment.

  3. Tactics • The same old trick was used in this battle to defend the captured land by digging in the front line and backing up trenches along the captured border; however, even after having a tight hold at the border, the Germans still had an advantage, as they were at a higher altitude than the Triple Entente. • The only reason the Triple Entente fought the “Second Battle of Ypres” was to protect Ypres and salient from being recaptured by Germans.

  4. This battle field became an important and major battle site for both of the Alliances because Triple Entente suffered huge amount of casualties (78,000 casualties) and Triple Alliance used 5700 cylinder of chlorine gas each weighing 41kg for the first time to fight its enemy.

  5. Location of the “Second Battle of Ypres” in Europe

  6. Detail of progression throughout the second battle of Ypres.

  7. Challenges Faced • The French soldiers had to deal with the first action of chemical warfare from the Germans. The French had to face the chlorine gas that the Germans released on April 22nd. • The Germans used 5700 Chlorine gas canisters; overall they released one hundred and sixty eight tones of chlorine gas on the Canadians and French during the second battle of Ypres. • In some cases the Canadian soldiers had to fight the Germans without artillery support from the back and had to carry out on foot with nothing but guns, grenades and bayonets to fight with.

  8. Why Gas Weaponry? • With the advent of modern weaponry including the machine gun and quick-firing artillery, commanders decided that leaving troops in the open would prove too dangerous since machine guns could fire over 300 rounds per minute thereby having the capability of killing hundreds of men, while quick-firing artillery could decimate squads very effectively • In addition, many commanders still used 19th century combat doctrines such as making linear advances rather than breaking up men into squads • Thus, WWI quickly became a stalemate because attacks against fortified trenches caused huge casualties for both sides due to the extremely effective modern weaponry

  9. Germany wanted to break the stalemate that had existed for over one year due to trench warfare • Fritz Haber, one of the leading German scientists at that time suggested to the Kaiser that he use gas weaponry for the war • At first, during the German gas program, the first gases proposed were sternutatory dust (similar to sneezing powder), and later on a chemist named Hans Tappen proposed adding xylyl bromide to the shells. • Later on, Fritz Haber, the chemist who later won a Nobel Prize in 1918 for having developed synthesized ammonia, made vital changes to the German gas program by replacing the previous mixtures with chlorine gas, which was much more fatal. Fritz Haber

  10. Technology used in the battle of Ypres • In the second battle of Ypres Germans were the first to start chemical warfare, which had a major impact on French and Canadian soldiers. In April in 1915 it was reported that soldiers saw yellowish green clouds appearing near the trenches and moving towards them.

  11. Chlorine Gas Chlorine gas attack on Triple Entente by Germans Chlorine gas was first utilised during the battle of Ypres when the Germans released over 160 tonnes of it towards the French lines. Having no defence against it, French troops had abandoned their posts quickly, leaving a four-mile wide gap into which the Germans advanced. After the battle of Ypres, gas weaponry was utilised by both sides, but quickly lost its novelty and its effectiveness when both armies took significant countermeasures. By the end of the war, gas weaponry caused less than 5% of the deaths in both sides.

  12. Masks with cotton pads were used to keep the soldiers from breathing in the chlorine gas when being gassed by the Germans. Soldiers would get the cotton pads and soak them with urine. Urine contains ammonia with nullified the chlorine gas. These masks made it hard for the soldiers to fight in until they were given actual protective gas masks in July 1915.

  13. Ross Rifle The Ross rifle was the main rifle used by the Canadian forces during the battle of Ypres. Although it had earned a reputation for being a fine target rifle, it performed poorly in trench conditions since it would frequently jam and limit soldiers’ mobility while charging towards trenches. As a result, it was withdrawn from service midsummer in 1916.

  14. Weapons used in the second battle were what almost everyone was using to fight. French and Canadian troops used rifles, bayonets and grenades when defending the trenches, attacking the Germans, re-capturing and capturing positions.

  15. Significance for Canadians • Canada for the first time fought by itself as independent armies during the Battle of Ypres • A Canadian medical officer was the first to propose a countermeasure against the gas • When the Canadians launched counteroffensives against the Germans at night, they suffered huge casualties gaining very little land, but their doing so allowed Allied reinforcements to arrive • A comparable situation happened at the battle of St. Julien. • At the end of the Battle of Ypres, Canadians had earned a reputation for being a formidable, tough, and reliable fighting force.

  16. Country Casualties • The difference in numbers between the Germans and the other nations (Britain, France, and Canada) explained the affective use of chlorine gas

  17. It was during the Second Battle of Ypres that Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae M.D. of Guelph, Ontario, Canada wrote the memorable poem In Flanders Fields in the voice of those who perished in the war. Published in Punch Magazine December 8, 1915, it is still recited today, especially on Remembrance day and Memorial Day.

  18. Original Account • “The shells came over just above the parapet, in a flood, much more quickly than we could count them. After a quarter of an hour of this sort of thing, there was a sudden crash in the trench and ten feet of the parapet, just beyond me, was blown away and everyone around blinded by the dust. With my first glance I saw what looked like half a dozen bodies, mingled with sandbags, and then I smelt gas and realised that these were gas shells. I had my respirator on in a hurry and most of our own men were as quick. The others were slower and suffered for it. One man was sick all over the sandbag and another was coughing his heart up. We pulled four men out of the debris unharmed. One man was unconscious, and died of gas later. I started at once to build up the parapet again, for we had been laid open to the world in front, but the gas lingered about the hole for hours, and I had to give up as it made me feel very sick.” H. S. Clapham.

  19. Works Cited • "First World War.com - Battles - The Second Battle of Ypres, 1915." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Michael Duffy, 29 Aug. 2009. Web. 01 Oct. 2011. <http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/ypres2.htm>. • Simkin, John.” Spartacus Educational.” 2nd Battle of Ypres. Easy to book, September 1997. Secondary source. September 26, 2011. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWypres2.htm>. • Love, Dave. “The Second Battle of Ypres, Apr-1915.” Trenches on the web. Volume 26, No 4. The Calgary Military Historical Society, May 1996, primary/secondary source, September 27, 2011. <http://www.worldwar1.com/sf2ypres.htm>. • Livesely, Robert and A.G. Smith regular name order. Discovering Canada The great War. Markham: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2006. Print.

  20. Works Cited • "Canada at Second Battle of Ypres: First Division Faces First German Chlorine Gas Attack of WW I | Suite101.com." Brent Sedo | Suite101.com. Web. 26 Sept. 2011. <http://brent-sedo.suite101.com/canada-at-second-battle-of-ypres-a18271>. • "First World War.com - Battles - The Second Battle of Ypres, 1915." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 26 Sept. 2011. <http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/ypres2.htm>. • "Trenches on the Web - Special: The Second Battle of Ypres, Apr-1915." World War I - Trenches on the Web. Web. 26 Sept. 2011. <http://www.worldwar1.com/sf2ypres.htm>. • "Chlorine Gas." Spartacus Educational. Web. 02 Oct. 2011. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWchlorine.htm>.

  21. Images URL • <http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/photolib/maps/Map%20of%20Second%20Battle%20of%20Ypres%201922.htm>. • <http://wwii.ca/content-19/wwi-second-battle-of-ypres/>. • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=location+of+ypres&hl=en&safe=active&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=661&tbm=isch&tbnid=j4_5v9-niFYgwM:&imgrefurl=http://m.eb.com/assembly/55209&docid=o7GDEe4o9CQ7rM&w=390&h=341&ei=JzqLToLBLaru0gGo0r3vBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=183&vpy=144&dur=411&hovh=210&hovw=240&tx=110&ty=114&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=164&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

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