1. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS • Whatisthecharacteristic of nasal sounds? • What are the places of articulationwherethe nasal sounds are produced? • Can you describe theprocess of hownasals are articulated?

3. NASAL SOUNDS

4. APPROXIMANTS L LIQUIDS • LATERAL APPROXIMANTS • APPROXIMANT R J SEMI-VOWELS (GLIDES) PALATAL W LABIOVELAR

5. MANNER PLACE

6. Nasal consonants /m/, /n/, /η/ The basic characteristic of nasal consonants is that the air escapes through the nose. • The soft palate is lowered. The air cannot pass through the mouth, it is prevented by complete closure in the mouth at some point. • The three types of closure are • bilabial - m • alveolar - n • velar - η

7. m bilabial nasal consonant • The soft palate is lowered. The lips are slightly spread, pressed together forming a complete obstruction to the air stream through the oral cavity. The air passes through the nose. The vocal cords vibrate.

8. n alveolar nasal consonant • The soft palate is lowered, the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, forming a complete obstruction to the flow of air through the oral cavity. The air passes through the nose. The vocal cords are vibrating.

9. η velar nasal consonant A closure is formed in the mouth between the back of the tongue and the velum as for /k/ and /g/. The soft palate is lowered. The vocal cords vibrate.

10. When we find the letters nk, k is always pronounced e.g. think, bank /η/ is pronounced with the following plosive g if the word cannot be divided into two morphemes: verb + ending and not pronounced if the word can be divided into a verb + ending

11. e.g. finger - singer anger - hanger g is also pronounced after /η/ before suffixes -er and -est of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives longer – the longest

12. Lateral consonant /l/ (LIQUID) /l/ alveolar lateral consonant The soft palate is raised. The tip of the tongue is in light contact with the alveolar ridge while the sides of the tongue are lowered, forming rather wide passages. The air escapes along the sides of the tongue. The so called ‘clear’ /l/ is used before vowels and /j/ e.g. live, late, value

13. ‘dark’ /l/ occurs before consonants and in word-final position e.g. help, almost, call In case of the clear /l/ the front part of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate, in case of the dark /l/ the back part of the tongue is raised.

14. Post alveolar (LIQUID) consonant /r/ • Considerable differences can be found in the pronunciation of /r/ in different accents of English • There is only one pronunciation that can be recommended to the learners of RP: post alveolar approximant • The articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant

15. The tip of the tongue approaches the alveolar area in approximately the way it would for a /t/ or /d/ but never actually makes contact with any part of the roof of the mouth at any time. The tongue is slightly curved backwards with the tip raised

16. /r/ is not always pronounced in RP It is pronounced if it is followed by a vowel E.g. red, arrive, hearing For British is not pronounced at the end of words and when it is followed by a consonant E.g. car, ever, here, hard, verse

17. Many accents pronounce /r/ in final position and before a consonant ( American, Scottish, West of England) • Accents which have /r/ in final positions and before consonants are called rhotic • Accents in which /r/ only occurs before vowels are called non-rhotic

18. PRACTICE • Gotothe campus and complete theassignments.

19. EXERCISE 1 • Listen to the following 10 words, write them down • Giving particular attention to the fricatives and affricates. write down those fricatives and affricates you hear in the words. • Example: • Church: /ʃ/ • Jam:/dʒ/

20. EXERCISE 2 Transcribe the following words phonemically: a) fishes e) achieves b) shaver f) others c) sixth g) measure d) these h) ahead Describe the movements of the articulators in the words of the above list.

21. EXERCISE 3 • Watchthe video at virtual campus and practicealongwiththe nasal sound/ŋ/.

22. Exercise 4 • Listen to the following words and write them down, then check the plosive sounds in each and emphasize in their sounds out loud:

23. Exercise 5 • Gotothis link and complete theexercise • https://depts.washington.edu/lingsup/ling200/cons-descr.php

24. Exercise 6 • In which of the following words is the /l/ likely to be “dark”(velarized)? • alive • Carl • pal • kill • play • loom

25. CHECK THIS SITE AND PRACTICE • https://tfcs.baruch.cuny.edu/d/