1 / 29

Adolescence

Adolescence. Adolescence the transition… Puberty (2 year period of growth) the period of…. Adolescence. Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that… ovaries--female testes--male external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics Non-reproductive… female--enlarged breast, hips

Albert_Lan
Télécharger la présentation

Adolescence

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Adolescence • Adolescence • the transition… • Puberty (2 year period of growth) • the period of…

  2. Adolescence • Primary Sex Characteristics • body structures that… • ovaries--female • testes--male • external genitalia • Secondary Sex Characteristics • Non-reproductive… • female--enlarged breast, hips • male--voice quality, body hair • Landmarks In girls is Menarche (meh-NAR-key) • first menstrual period (around 12 yrs.) In boys is the first ejaculation (around 14 yrs.)

  3. Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Age in years Boys Girls Adolescence

  4. Adolescence

  5. Adolescence – Cognitive Development • Reasoning is… • Private experiences are perceived as… • Formal Operational Stage Capacity for moral thinking –

  6. Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Postconventional level Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder

  7. Pre-conventional Stage – Self Interest 1. Obedience and punishment: • Instrumental:

  8. Conventional Stage – Concerned with gaining approval or doing one’s duty. • Good boy/girl morality: • Law and order:

  9. Post-conventional Stage – agreed upon rights or universal ethical principles • Social Contract: • Principles of Conscience:

  10. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder • 3rd level represents… • Morality also lies in action

  11. Social Development • Identity • one’s… • the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles and reshaping them into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is. • Intimacy • the ability to… • a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

  12. Gender Differences in Connectedness begin during Adolescence • Women are more interdependent and more open and responsive to feedback. • Women as more intimate with their friends and talk more openly and freely. • Women make 63% of phone calls and talk longer on average than men when they are talking to other women. • When women talk they explore relationships. • Men talk to communicate solutions. • Both women and men say friendships with women are more intimate, enjoyable and nurturing (Rubin 1985). • Both women and men usually turn to women when they need support or comfort. • 90% of people report being close to their mother, 69% report being close to father. • These differences diminish after age 50.

  13. Social Development • The changing parent-child relationship

  14. 1890, Women 7.2-Year Interval 10 20 10 20 Age 1988, Women 11.8-Year Interval Age Adolescence -- used to end with marriage • In the 1890s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is nearly 12 years. • Now adolescence is considered completed with the social achievement of independent adult status

  15. Adult --Physical Development • Physical abilities crest by the mid twenties. • Physical decline begins in early adulthood, almost imperceptibly, and accelerates during middle adulthood. • Later in life there is declining perceptual acuity, strength and stamina.

  16. Fatal accidents per 100 million miles Fatal accidents per 10,000 drivers Adulthood--Physical Changes • Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older. Fatal accident rate 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 and over Age

  17. Percentage with dementia 40% 30 20 10 0 Risk of dementia increases in later years 60-64 70-74 80-84 90-95 65-69 75-79 85-89 Age Group Adulthood--Physical Changes • Incidence of dementia by age

  18. Adulthood--Physical Changes • Women Menopause (around 50 yrs) • the time of… • also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines • Men -- gradual decrease in sperm count, testosterone level, speed of erection and speed of ejaculation. • Brain – by age 80 there is a 5% shrinkage of the brain (women’s brains shrink more slowly than men’s).

  19. Older age groups have poorer performance After three introductions After two introductions After one introductions Adulthood--Cognitive Changes • Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990). • Recall (remembering without cues) decreases with age, especially for meaningless information 100 Percent of names recalled 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18 40 50 60 70 Age group

  20. Number of words recognized is stable with age Number of words recalled declines with age Adulthood--Cognitive Changes • In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not. • Recognition is remember with cues (ex. multiple choice questions, or picking a word out of a list) Number Of words remembered 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Age in years

  21. Adulthood • Crystallized Intelligence • one’s… • tends to increase with age • Fluid Intelligence • one’s… • tends to decrease during late adulthood • Neural processing slows with age • Speed at completing a complex task slows.

  22. Adulthood – Social Changes • Social Clock • The culturally preferred timing of social events • Marriage • Parenthood • Retirement

  23. Emotional instability 24% 16 8 0 No early 40s emotional crisis Females Males 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 Age in Years Adulthood • Early-forties midlife crisis?

  24. Adulthood – Social Development • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Generativity vs. stagnation Freud – “The healthy adult is one who can live and work”

  25. Marriage • Marriage is more satisfying and enduring when:

  26. Parenthood

  27. Work • Happy with work (both in and out of home)if it fits interests and provides a sense of competence and satisfaction

  28. Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole 80 60 40 20 0 15 25 35 45 55 65+ Age group Adulthood • Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Ingle hart, 1990). • Positive feelings tend to grow after middle age and negative feelings subside.

  29. Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

More Related