The industrial revolution Part I: dawn of the industrial age

2. The industrial revolutionPart I: dawn of the industrial age Part I: Dawn of the Industrial Age Key questions: How did “enclosure” raise profits? How did “enclosure” eliminate small farmers from agricultural business?

3. 1st agriculture rev: 11,000 years ago 2ndagr. rev. 300 years ago (1760 ish) Improved quality and quantity of farm products Increased output = more time in “industrial lab.” Inventions often applied to increase in agr. – the cycle fed itself.

4. Examples Dikes (earthen walls) - Reclaimed land from the sea (Dutch) - Smaller fields turned into larger ones - Created more land (closer to ports) - More accessible land is created

5. Examples Soil Improvements Better soil & new methods of crop rotation = higher crop yield Charles “Turnip” Townshend: urged farmers to grow turnips – replenished the soil

6. Examples Seed Drill (Jethro Tull) Mechanical device that planted seeds in a row, rather than hand-held scattering No wasted seed and gave plants room to grow (efficient)

7. Breeding techniques (Robert Bakewell) Bred stronger horses for farmwork Fatter sheep and cattle for meat and more wool

8. Enclosure Fencing off land formerly shared by peasants Profits rose because: Less livestock lost Livestock have more food to eat “fattened” for market Fewer people needed to tend fields Elimination of “middle men” with no herding Human cost: small farmers “priced out” of large land estates This will be a recurring trend in industrialism Small farmers forced into factory work as a result (cultural diffusion: rural to urban)

9. What caused population to increase throughout Europe?How did a rise in population encourage Industrialism? Britain population in 1700: 5 million population in 1800: 9 million France population in 1715: 18 million population in 1789: 26 million Europe population in 1700: 120 million population in 1800: 190 million

10. What caused such a growth in population? Declining death rates Elimination/natural immunization of diseases: smallpox, bubonic plague Dr. Snow’s Cholera

11. Agricultural revolution reduced risk of famine Improved hygiene and sanitation Improved health care More people allows for more competition and ideas

12. Part II: British Industrialism Describe the factors that contributed to the IR in Britain (natural resources, human resources, new technology economic conditions, religion, military) What chain reaction was triggered by the IR? What did abundant capital allow for? How did the Protestant faith encourage economic progress? How did the British navy increase England’s industrial growth?

13. Natural Resources large supplies of coal and iron iron used for building machines and industrial parts Human resources large population = workers for factories agricultural rev. forced many of the poor into factory jobs

14. New Technology Britain home to Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment – new thinkers water mills (wheels): powered first factories steam engine (Thomas Newcomen, 1712: powered by coal, would be improved by James Watt – check out Steam Engine Drives on history.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zMOVmGu5qY Tech combined with demand, capital and resources ALLOWED FOR INDUSTRIALISM!!!

15. Ripe Economic Conditions abundant capital worldwide trade had made Britain wealthy businessmen had the capital to invest in enterprises such as factories, mines, railroads abundant demand pop. explosion boosted demands for goods growing middle/upper class has capital to buy new goods

16. Religious motivation Protestant work ethic working hard was a characteristic of holiness/place in the afterlife Military intimidation British navy strongest in the world can protect worldwide trade, colonies, threats at that time (1700’s) having the strongest navy = strongest power on earth

17. Explain how each of the following was key to industrialization: iron, coal and transportation methods Why did Industrial growth promote transportation improvements? Iron and the Bessemer Process necessary for industrial machines, parts, factories, railroads producing high quality iron needed fuel (wood)

18. Coal the new fuel smelting iron now done with coal: separating iron from its ore better quality (stronger) & cheaper iron the result done by the Darby family, who improved smelting process over generations Coal mining vid

19. Transportation Railroad development coal fuels new steam engines high quality iron used for rail tracks first major rail line: Liverpool to Manchester England 1830 (vid: fastest train & evolution of railroad) Turnpikes and canals pikes: privately built roads charge fees canals (man made waterways) linked rivers and connected inland towns with seas Steam Boats Robert Fultons “Clermont” went up the Hudson River (1807) against current, wind and tides (1st time ever) AS FACTORIES AND PRODUCTION INCREASED, BUSINESSMEN NEEDED FASTER AND CHEAPTER METHODS OF MOVING GOODS

20. How did industrialization transform the textile Industry? What was inefficient about the “putting out system?” How did centralization create efficiency? Modern Assembly line vid history.com Textile production: England’s largest industry industrialism first takes control of this industry

21. “Old” textile production “putting out system” slow and inefficient Indian cotton distributed to peasant families Individuals “spun” cotton into thread then wove it into cloth Cloth then sent to artisans made final adjustments and dye jobs

22. “New” Industrial textile production flying shutting (John Kay) weavers could weave at high rates of speed spinning jenny (James Hargreaves) spun many threads same time waterframe (Richard Arkwright) water power to speed up spinning process first time anything was done without hands on human labor.

23. Factory Development centralization: new mechanical inventions needed to be “housed” in a central location (factory) too large for homes inefficient to have at different locations 1st located near fast-flowing rivers (why?) later machines powered by steam engines

24. The Assembly Line: made it easy for mass production by moving parts down a line to create completed product Modern Assembly Line vid

25. Part III: hardships of early industrial life Explain the causes of urbanization. What did this lead to? What drastic “social split” occurred as a result of industrial growth? What problems developed in industrial cities?

26. Urbanization: movement to cities (why?) second agr. rev.: small farmers not needed, must find work population growth industrial demand for workers Small towns “mushroomed” overnight around factories split developed: minority (5%) controlled majority (95%) working class

27. Problems of cities tenement buildings: overcrowded no running water (community pumps) no sewage or sanitation systems garbage throughout neighborhoods disease common (cholera)

28. What problems did the industrial working class face? How were workers “abused” in the workplace? Why did children and women work in such abundance?

29. Factory conditions long hours (12-16 hour days) physical dangers common loss of limbs, black lung, lint lung no workers compensation sick or injured on the job? “you’re fired!” vid: early factory girls history.com vid: child labor saved Oliver: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4iEdMMjqdA

30. Child Labor Why? nimble, small, energetic cheap, easy to discipline families needed extra wage Effects orphans often hired no education – the cycle continues beaten for “idleness” 1830’s: reforms finally initiated by English govt.

31. Women Why did women make up a large % of workforce? adapted easily to machines easily disciplined lower pay problems overburdened: work all day (12 hours) and then go home to take care of children

32. How did the Industrial Age change peoples lives? How did Industrialism effect skilled artisans? Why were protesters dealt with harshly? Why did the “new upper class” (capitalists) object to labor unions?

33. Protests skilled artisans protested factories and “labor saving machines” burned factories and destroyed machines known as Luddites (Ned Ludd a legendary man who destroyed machines in 1780’s) why such protest? took away thousands of skilled artisan jobs protest harshly dealt with hanged or sent to penal colonies (Australia) labor unions and strikes were prohibited Why such harsh penalties???!!!

34. The “New” Upper Middle Class Who were they? (capitalists) merchants who invested successfully inventors many – “rags to riches” opposed efforts to regulate factories little sympathy for the poor – “they’re responsible for their own misery.”

35. What were the costs and benefits of the Industrial Revolution? Did the pros outweigh the cons? Pros more jobs created more consumer goods technology – higher standard of living travel made easier Cons skilled artisans lose jobs working conditions low pay living conditions pollution

36. Part IV: new ways of thinking What economic ideas helped shape the Industrial Age? What is the free market system? Who does laissez fair economics protect? What was the message behind the “iron law of wages” theory?

37. Laissez-Fair economics Free market (Adam Smith) unregulated exchange of goods & services no government interference a “natural right” like free speech production of more goods (competition) lower prices (consumer’s benefit) healthy economy – new investments & ventures “iron law of wages” (economist David Ricardo) the poor (working class) would always be poor….. Why? higher wages lead to more children which will lower spendable income. Continues cycle of poverty.

38. Thomas Malthus the only way for poor to escape poverty? limit population: have fewer children population would continue to escalate no matter what = poor were economically doomed forever free market economists oppose any government assistance for the poor hard work and limit family size is answer the laws of free market will dictate

39. What economic reforms did individual thinkers urge? Why did new social and political theories develop as a result of the Industrial Age?

40. Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill) goal of society: happiness (economic) for all laws/actions judged by their “utility” Questioned the free market – does it create more inequality? supported govt help for poor

41. Socialism people as a whole control businesses (means of production rather than individuals capitalism (free market) = evil. Why? creates mass poverty, injustice Goal to create utopian communities work and property shared by everyone no rich, no poor – conflict would end

42. Marxism & The Communist Manifesto Communism: socialism that sees class struggle as inevitable (1840’s) the world’s problems have always revolved around economics the “haves” wealthy bourgeoisie (middle class) the “have nots” poor, proletariats Called for international war on capitalism “working men of all countries, unite” In the end, proletariats would win and create a classless society (wealth and power equally shared)

43. 1832 -- Sadler Report and then Reform Bills