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Terms and Acronyms

Terms and Acronyms. To learn Information Technology (IT) is to learn the language of acronyms and terms… WYSISYG (pronounced WHIZ-zee-wig) “What You See Is What You Get” GUI: Graphical User Interface. Computer Basics . Students and Parents,

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Terms and Acronyms

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  1. Terms and Acronyms • To learn Information Technology (IT) is to learn the language of acronyms and terms… • WYSISYG (pronounced WHIZ-zee-wig) “What You See Is What You Get” GUI: Graphical User Interface Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  2. Computer Basics Students and Parents, This is an old computer basics PowerPoint that I found on the web which will give you a very basic knowledge of computers and components. You may refer to this at any time except during tests on this material! Please note, this is not original but totally downloaded from the web. You will see the “Cabrillo College” banner throughout and I appreciate those who put this together and their generosity in letting it be used to teach additional students. Johnny Bley, St. Joseph Catholic Unit School Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  3. What is a computer? • A computer is a electromechanical device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another. • Do exactly as they are told. • Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  4. Computers are everywhere Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  5. Traditional Types of Computers • General purpose computers • Mainframe • Minicomputer • Microcomputer (Personal Computer) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  6. Traditional Types of Computers • First computers, introduced in 1950s • Used by large businesses • Typically supported 100 to 500 users • Very expensive • Used for very large processing tasks • Mainframe Computers Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  7. Traditional Types of Computers • Typically supported 10 to 100 users • Smaller and less expensive than mainframes • The real difference is relative in terms of price, power, marketing. • Minicomputers Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  8. Traditional Types of Computers • Small, self-contained computers with their own CPUs • Used by home and business users • Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single chip. • Microcomputers (Personal Computer or PC) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  9. Portable Computer • What are these types of portable computers (a type of personal computer)? • Desktop computers • Laptop computers • Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  10. Networked computer • Networked computer = Computers connected to other computers or peripheral devices (printers, etc.) to share information. • What is the difference between these two networked devices? Dumb terminal • No CPU (uses server’s) • No Operating system (uses server’s) • Input and Output only Intelligent terminal (computer) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  11. Embedded Computers • Embedded computers – Computers found in consumer goods in order to enhance their function. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  12. Special Purpose Computers • Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a specific purpose such as game system or information kiosk. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  13. Hardware versus Software • Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system. • More in a moment… • Much more on all of these items in later presentations! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  14. Hardware versus Software • Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do. • System Software • Application Software • Stored on a storage media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc. • More later… Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  15. Hardware Components • This is just an overview, more later… Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  16. Hardware Components Know these! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  17. The Processor Let’s open the box! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  18. The Processor circuit board = a board with integrated circuits (microchips) • system board or motherboard • interface boards or expansion boards system board or motherboard = a single circuit board with the components which make up the computer’s processor for a microcomputer, including the: • CPU (Central Processing Unit) • Memory • RAM • ROM or ROM BIOS • expansion slots Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  19. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  20. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  21. The Processor: The CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which: 1. executes the instructions in a software program 2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices The CPU is the computer! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  22. Input and Output Devices Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  23. Input Devices • Enter information into a computer • Examples: • Mouse • Keyboard • Trackball • Touchpad • Light pen • Joystick • Digital camera • Microphone • Bar code reader • Scanner Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  24. Output Devices • Send information out from a PC • Examples: • Speakers • Monitors • Visual Display Unit (VDU), Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Light-Emitting Diode (LED) • Printers Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  25. System Unit - Revisited System Unit: • CPU (Central Processing Unit) • Memory • RAM • ROM or ROM BIOS • expansion slots Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  26. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) = integrated circuits (chips) used to temporarily store software (programs, instructions) and data • “primary” storage for the CPU • electronic switches, storing ON’s and OFF’s Temporarily stores for the CPU: • Software • operating system software • application software • Data • data (documents, spreadsheets, etc.) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  27. Inserting RAM RAM is TEMPORARY memory RAM is volatile • stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically • when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  28. RAM: Speed Why does the CPU use RAM? • The CPU is very FAST! • The CPU needs the instructions (software) and data as quickly as possible • If the CPU has to wait, so does the user Why doesn’t the CPU use permanent storage like disk drives? • Too slow • EXAMPLE: Spellchecker Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  29. RAM: Capacity The amount of RAM determines: • what software and data the user can work on • how much software and data the user can work with • Most computers have at least 256 MB (Megabytes, 256 million bytes) “out of memory” error message from the Operating System The more complex and sophisticated the software, the more instructions that software contains, which means larger software files. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  30. ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other critical information Read Only = information which: • Cannot be changed • Cannot be removed • Cannot be appended (added to) • Fixed by manufacturer Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  31. ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System software) ROM permanently contains: • start-up (boot) instructions • instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices, such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor Firmware = software program which is stored permanently on a microchip, such as the software on the ROM chip Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  32. Looking at your computer Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  33. Storage Devices • Storage Devices: • Floppy disks • CD-ROMs • Hard disks • Zip disks • Tape drives Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  34. Floppy disks • Store up to 1.44 MB of data • Usually 3.5" square disks • Removable Write-Protect tab (Open means “write enabled”) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  35. Hard disks • Fixed permanently in a hard disk drive inside a system unit • Used to store the operating system, applications, and data • Can not buy more expansion (easily) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  36. CD-ROMs • Read-only memory devices (but CD-R and CD-RW discs are recordable) • Store up to 650 MB of data • Portable and can be used on any computer that has a CD-ROM drive • CD-R (CD Recordable) • CD-RW (CD Rewritable) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  37. Flash sticks or memory • Storage • Digital Player • Voice Recorder Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  38. Zip disks • Store up to 250 MB of data • Used for backing up files or transporting large files Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  39. Tape drives • Work like a tape recorder • Vary in capacity and access speed • Relatively expensive • Generally used to back up data • Good for “archiving” information • Types • Cartridge (slowest) • DAT (Digital Audio Tape) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  40. Computer Performance • CPU speed (and type) • Amount of RAM (and speed) • Hard disk capacity Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  41. Computer Performance • CPU Speed • Governed by a clock • Measured in millions of cycles per second, or megahertz (MHz) • 700 MHz means 700 million operations per second • Measured in billions of cycles per second, or megahertz (GHz) • 1.133 MHz means 1 billion, 133 million operations per second Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  42. Software • System Software • Application Software Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  43. Application Software • Performs specific tasks: • Word processing • Calculations • Information storage and retrieval • Accounting • Cannot function without the OS (Operating System) • Written for a specific operating system and computer hardware. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  44. Operating System Software • Loads automatically when you switch on a computer • Main roles: • Controls hardware and software • Permits you to manage files • Acts as intermediary between user and applications Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  45. Operating System Software Software which manages the overall operation of the computer system including: • hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O) • security • system interface • application interface Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  46. GUI – Graphical User Interface Windows 3.1 Windows 95/98/XP Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  47. GUI – Graphical User Interface MAC OS UNIX/LINUX with X-Windows Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  48. CLI – Command Line Interface • No GUI • MS DOS • ? Windows 97 ? Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  49. Putting it altogether! • Booting up the computer • Creating and saving a word processing document • Shutting down the computer Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

  50. CPU RAM 256 MB ROM Hard Disk Drive Operating System Software “The kernel” Application Software MS Word User data (information) 0 Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

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