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Order Carnivora Family Mustelidae

Order Carnivora Family Mustelidae. Large canines No diastema Claws not retractile Mustelid glands Short legs. Taxidea taxus. Mustela nivalis.

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Order Carnivora Family Mustelidae

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  1. Order CarnivoraFamily Mustelidae • Large canines • No diastema • Claws not retractile • Mustelid glands • Short legs Taxidea taxus

  2. Mustela nivalis Identification: Tail < 33% body length and lacks well-defined black tip; dorsal pelage brown in summer, white in winter; venter white; molting animals spotted (TL 170-215 mm; Tail 25-45) Distribution: Statewide Habitat: Grassy areas; open woodlands

  3. Mustela nivalis Diet: Primarily mice; some birds, large invertebrates; consume 33-100% of body weight daily Reproduction: At least 2 litters of 1-6 annually Conservation: Uncommon

  4. Mustela erminea Identification: Tail < 44% body length with black tip; dorsal pelage brown in summer, white in winter; venter and inside of legs white to yellow (TL 219-343 mm; Tail 60-95) Distribution: Northern half of IA Habitat: Open areas near woody cover; usually near water

  5. Mustela erminea Diet: Primarily mice; some birds, invertebrates; consume 33-100% of body weight daily Reproduction: 1 litter of 4-13 annually Conservation: Uncommon; possibly increasing and expanding range south

  6. Mustela frenata Identification: Tail > 44% body length with black tip; dorsal pelage brown in summer, white in winter; venter white but inside of legs brown in summer (TL 350-430 mm; Tail 110-140) Distribution: Statewide Habitat: Brushy, woody areas; usually near water

  7. Mustela frenata Diet: Primarily small mammals Reproduction: 1 litter of 4-9 annually Conservation: Uncommon, possibly declining

  8. Mephitis mephitisStriped skunk Erica Hartman http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/striped_skunk.htm

  9. Identification: Black fur with dorsal white stripes, form a “v” shape at nape of neck Bushy tail Amount of white or black on individuals are variable Mephitis mephitisErica Hartman http://www.municipiodenogales.org/zorrillo.htm

  10. Distribution: statewide Habitat: woodlands, fields, agricultural areas, human neighborhoods Striped skunk http://www.redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp_fr/mammiferes/specpages/mouffetterayee.htm

  11. Diet: omnivorous Reproduction: spring litters of 4 to 11 young Conservation status: trapping season is Nov. 6 to Jan. 31 there is no bag limit Striped skunk http://www.ci.monrovia.ca.us/city_hall/public_works/canyon_park/striped_skunk.htm

  12. Fun facts: nocturnal hunter pelts go for under $2 before they spray will first shake their head “no”, stomp their paws second, then they will finally spray Striped skunk http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/fur/tracks/skntracks.html

  13. References: Mephitis mephitis • Iowa DNR website. November 2, 2004 http://www.iowadnr.com/wildlife/files/hunting.html • Jones, J.K. and E.C. Birney. 1988. Handbook of mammals of the north-central states. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 268 pp. • Kays, R.W. and D.E. Wilson. 2002. Mammals of North America. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 182 pp.

  14. Eastern Spotted SkunkSpilogale putorius Katrina Cook Roger Barbour

  15. Physical ID:Spilogale putorius • The eastern spotted skunk is the smaller of the two skunks occurring in Iowa. • It is black with a white spot on the forehead, one white spot under each ear, and four to six broken white stripes along the neck, back, and sides. • The fur is long and silky. • White spots or patches are present on the rump, and the bushy black tail usually has a broad, white tip. • The front feet possess sharp, recurved claws that are twice as long as toes on the hind feet. http://www.wildflorida.org/critters/skunks.asp

  16. Let’s Talk SizeSpilogale putorius • Adult total length: 17 - 23 in. • Tail: 6 - 8 in. • Hind foot: 1 5/8 - 2 1/8 in. • Weight: 1 - 3 lbs. • The smallest of skunks • The spotted skunk, also known as the hydrophobia cat or the civet cat, is the size of a small domestic cat, about half the size of a striped skunk. www.animals-online.be/predators/marterachtigen/fotos/

  17. DistributionSpilogale putorius • The eastern spotted skunk ranges from northeastern Mexico through the Great Plains to the Canadian border and throughout the southeastern United States north to Pennsylvania. • Spotted skunks have a home range of about 150 acres. http://www.ksu.edu/organismic/images/eastern_spotted_skunk1.jpg

  18. StatusSpilogale putorius Special Protection Status • Rangewide: None. • Statewide, endangered • Status: Uncommon to Rare, Native Resident By Doug Alderson Illustrated by Lizabeth West     

  19. HabitatSpilogale putorius • Spotted skunks may inhabit forested and brushy areas as well as agricultural regions. • They are often found in crevices in cliffs and in rock slides. http://www.ksu.edu/organismic/images/eastern_spotted_skunk1.jpg

  20. DensSpilogale putorius • The like to den in hollow trees, if they can find one available. Dens may be in underground burrows, beneath farm buildings, in hollow logs, in rock crevices, lumber slab piles, brush piles, and the burrows of other animals. • They are more social than other skunks. Several may share a den over the winter.

  21. DietSpilogale putorius • The eastern spotted skunk is omnivorous. • The spotted skunk is the most carnivorous of all skunks. It feeds primarily on small mammals, fruits, insects, birds, lizards, snakes, rats, mice, grapes, corn, grubs, and carrion.

  22. ReproductionSpilogale putorius • Litters of two to six young are born in a nest of grass or hay within the den during May or June. • Delayed implantation occurs and greatly prolongs gestation. The fertilized egg starts its development as it travels down the oviduct. Reaching the uterus, it then becomes inactive, the metabolic rate falls, and cell division ceases. The unimplanted egg is stored for ten to eleven months before implantation and normal development resumes. • Newborn skunks have their eyes and ears closed and are covered with fine hair that does not show the adult color pattern. The eyes open between 30 and 32 days, and the first solid food is eaten at about 42 days of age. Weaning takes place at about eight weeks of age, and the young may reach their full growth in slightly more than three months. • Breeding occurs at one year.

  23. Daily Activity?Spilogale putorius • The Eastern spotted skunk is nocturnal and are active all year. • Rarely comes out while it is light in the evening, and is back in the den before sunup http://www.wildflorida.org/critters/skunks.asp

  24. Life ExpectancySpilogale putorius • Although they have excellent senses of smell and hearing—vital attributes in a nocturnal carnivore—they have poor vision. They cannot see objects more than about 3 m away with any clarity, which makes them very vulnerable to road traffic. Roughly half of all skunk deaths are caused by humans, as roadkill, or as a result of shooting and poisoning. • They are short-lived animals: fewer than 10% survive for longer than three years.

  25. PredationSpilogale putorius Owls are the primary predator of skunks. Owls can strike silently from above and carry off a young skunk before the parent can use its defensive spray.

  26. ClimbersSpilogale putorius • Excellent climber, unlike the striped skunk, it can climb trees with ease, and even climb down head first • Spotted skunks are good climbers and will climb trees to escape from predators. They are faster and more agile than striped skunks

  27. TracksSpilogale putorius • Spotted skunk tracks show five toes on each foot, with claw marks. The heel pad of the hind print is distinctively lobed. • http://www.bear-tracker.com/spskunk.html

  28. To spray or not to spraySpilogale putorius When frightened or angered, the eastern spotted skunk may engage in several unique behaviors that may serve as either a bluff or a warning prior to the discharge of the scent. It may stomp or pat its front feet in rapid succession on the floor or ground. It can also do a "handstand" on its front feet. The skunk upends itself, holds its tail in the air, and may walk up to several yards in this manner. sue arnold

  29. Spraying BehaviorSpilogale putorius • The spotted skunk differs on how it sprays, it will do a handstand on its forefeet and spray over its head • They have two glands, on either side of the anus, that produce a mixture of sulphur-containing chemicals that has a highly offensive smell. Muscles located next to the scent glands allow them to shoot out the liquid through nipples, that are hidden when the tail is down and exposed when the tail is raised. • The skunk has voluntary control over these scent glands and can aim behind, to either side, or to the front by changing the direction of aim of the nipples. • The spray can reach to a distance of about 2m with good accuracy. The smell aside, it can cause irritation and even temporary blindness, and is sufficiently powerful to be detected by even an insensitive human nose anywhere up to a km downwind.

  30. Removing the SmellSpilogale putorius • The following Skunk Smell Remover Formula is effective in removing skunk smell from sprayed victims. • 1 U.S. Quart of 3% hydrogen peroxide. • 1/4 Cup baking soda. • 1 teaspoon liquid soap. • Directions: Mix together at time of usage, and apply foaming mixture to affected areas. • How it works: The oxygen molecules emitted by the hydrogen peroxide and baking soda reaction deactivates the smell molecules by binding to them and rendering them inert.

  31. ReferenceSpilogale putorius • http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Vertebrata/Mammalia/Mephitidae/Spilogale/putorius/ Visited on 11/2/04 • http://www.iowadnr.com/other/files/ Visited on 11/2/04 • http://www.wildliferescueleague.org/pdf/skunk.pdf Visited on 11/2/04 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk Visited on 11/2/04

  32. THE BADGER (Taxidea taxus ) By: Brad Froeschle

  33. Badgers can weigh between 8-24lbs and be as long as 35inches. The body is flattened, and the legs are short and stocky. Badgers have a gray to reddish color on its back and it’s face is white with black patches. Also a white stripe extends down it’s back to it’s shoulders. The front feet are partially webbed with long claws, while the hind feet are like shovels. Dental Count: 3/3;1/1;2-4/2-4;1/1 Identification

  34. The North American Badger (Taxidea taxus) ranges from the southern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada, down through Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Iowa and Illinois in the US. In Iowa the badger is commonly found throughout the state. Distribution

  35. Habitat • Badgers are found mainly in dry open country areas. • Usually they are located in plains, tundra, forest, shrubby, and grassland areas. • They require dry, loose soils for burrowing and shelter.

  36. The badger eats small mammals, birds, reptiles and arthropods. Unlike most carnivores, it does not hunt for most of its food but catches it by digging it out of the ground. Badgers usually kill their prey with bites to the thoracic region of it’s prey. Badgers are store up food throughout the spring, summer, and fall months so that they can have enough energy while they hibernate in the winter. Badgers will wake up during the sleeping period to eat, but then return to sleeping. Diet

  37. Reproduction • Mating in badgers occurs in early autumn, but the fertilized egg suspended in the uterus until early December where it then continues to develop for only 6 weeks. • Badgers have a litter between 1-5. • Females are sexually mature at 4 months while males aren’t until their second year.

  38. Conservation Status(Economic Value) • Badgers are pretty common throughout Iowa, and they are not on the endangered list. • Badgers have a limited trapping season due to their being a somewhat abundance. • An economic value for humans is the badgers pelt.

  39. Badgers have a multiple number of burrows. Each one is about 10 meters long with an enlarged sleeping chamber. Badgers switch burrows about once a month. Badger holes are a hazard to cattle and horses. Other

  40. References • Nowak, Ronald. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. • Iowa Association of Naturalists. Iowa mammals. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/IAN601.pdf. Oct. 2004. • Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Iowa’s threatened and endangered species. http://www.state.ia.us/dnr/organiza/ppd/tespecies.htm. Oct. 2004. • National Research Council of Canada. Killing technique of North American badgers preying on Richardson's ground squirrels. http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjz_z01-169_79_ns_nf_cjz. Oct. 2004. • National Park Labs. Wildlife Field Guide. http://www.nps.gov/goga/parklabs/library/wildlifeguide/mammals/northamerican_badger.htm. Oct. 2004.

  41. Mustela vison Photo by Steven Holt

  42. Mustela visondistribution Map courtesy of MO DOC

  43. Mustela visondescription • Large weasel-like • Uniformly dark brown • White blotches on chin • Pelage long and glossy • TL:570-680; T:185-210; HF:60-75; E:20-27 • Weight 1-1.7 kg Photo by Steven Holt

  44. Mustela visonhabitat • Equally at home on land and water • Only heavily wooded upland habitats avoided • Lakes, ponds, impoundments, streams, rivers, and marshes preferred • Dens located near water • Usually abandoned burrows of other mammals • Linear home ranges, females 20-50 acres, males much larger Photo by Steven Holt

  45. Mustela visonfood habits • Muskrats, voles, mice, cottontails, staple items • Frogs, snakes, squirrels, shrews • Rarely cache food Photo by Steven Holt

  46. Mustela visonreproduction • Breeding takes place in middle to late winter • Gestation begins after short period of delayed implantation • Litter 1-10 born in April-May

  47. Mustela visonconservation • Humans only enemy • Pelt prices $25-50 • Many mink farms • Have a healthy population Photos courtesy of efurs.com

  48. Mustela visonreferences • Errington, P.L. 1943. An analysis of mink predation upon muskrats in northcentral United States. Res, Bull Agric. Exp. Sta., Iowa State Coll., 320:797-924 • Jones, J. Knoox, Jr. and E. C. Birney. 1988. Handbook of Mammals of the North-central states. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 346 pp. ISBN 08166-1420-2 • Kays, Roland and D. E. Wilson. 2002. Mammals of North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 240 pp. ISBN 0-691-07012-1 • Willner, G.R.,G.A. F., E.E. Z., and J.A. Chapman. 1980. Mustela vison. Mamm. Species, 141:1-8 • http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov

  49. River Otter (Lutra canadensis) By: Brock Winkelbauer

  50. River Otter (Lutra canadensis) • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Mammalia • Order: Carnivora • Family: Mustelidae http://www.theragens.com/photos/Sea_Otter_Photos.htm

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