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The Business Case for Slag

The Business Case for Slag. Daksh Baweja Principal Engineer Rinker Australia. Peter Ney Technical Services Manager Readymix. Highlights. We have known for a long time the benefits of slag in concrete Now widely used Concern over ongoing slag supply capability of our industry

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The Business Case for Slag

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  1. The Business Case for Slag Daksh Baweja Principal Engineer Rinker Australia Peter Ney Technical Services Manager Readymix

  2. Highlights • We have known for a long time the benefits of slag in concrete • Now widely used • Concern over ongoing slag supply capability of our industry • Slags provide solutions to future challenges • To address sustainability and other challenges we need • New methods of design/specification of concrete structures • Better ways to administer constructional requirements

  3. Summary • Slag – how was it used • Usage data from 1980’s in Australia and overseas • R&D on slag concrete structures • Current Use • Future issues • Construction and design of structures • Sustainable development • Slag positioning

  4. Use of GGBFS in Concrete (1986)(After Malhotra – SCM’s Review of North American ExperienceConcrete Workshop 88)

  5. Estimated Sales of GGBFS for Concrete(After Ryan – SCM’s Review of Australian Experience – Concrete Workshop 88)

  6. What Was Happening with Slag in Concrete in Early 1990’s • Many R&D programs under way • Durability of concrete a big issue in design and research • CSIRO and others doing significant research into slag and SCM’s • A big push to create awareness of the product in the market • Hinczak • Jones • Sirivivatnanon and Cao • ASA launched in 1991

  7. Where Was Slag Used?Earlier Australian Studies

  8. Slag Concretes InvestigatedEarlier Australian Studies

  9. Concrete Data After Long-Term Service

  10. How Were Slag Concretes Performing?Results from 1990 • Slag concretes performed extremely well compared with portland cement concretes • Major causes of problems was low specified strengths • Knowledge of durability not available when structures constructed • Clearly, slag had a place in concrete construction

  11. GGBFS Today • Used both as • Blended cement and • Direct addition to concrete mixes • Often used in conjunction with other SCM’s • Used in Normal Class and Special Class concretes • Used as a binder and aggregate

  12. GGBFS Extensively used NSW Western Australia Used commonly Victoria Queensland Specifiers Recognition of product and what it can do Slag Aggregates Used where available Incorporated into AS2758.1 Benefits recognised by some specifiers Slag in Concrete

  13. Normal-Class Concrete 20 MPa to 50 MPa Slump 20 mm to120 mm Agg size: 10 mm, 14 mm or 20 mm Density:2100 to 2800 kg/m3 AEA: Up to 5% 60% by volume Special-Class Concrete Addresses specific design requirement More complex Testing requirements need to be specified in design f’c and slump (two major parameters)AS3600 and AS1379

  14. What Drives Concrete Specifications and Use • Design requirements • Compressive strength (f’c) • Mechanical properties • Durability properties • Constructional requirements • Pumping requirements • Placement requirements • Finishing requirements • Above requirements define materials • Binders (like slag) • Aggregates (including slag)

  15. Current Issues with Slag and Concrete Construction • Construction driving the agenda more • Areas were more information is needed • Sustainable development • Rating systems • Lack of knowledge (silos) • Early age behaviour of concrete • More optimised construction • Management of serviceability issues • Need to understand legislative framework of concrete (and slag) in construction

  16. State legislation (governs building) Regulations & Codes Provide advice Legally enforceable Cover things like OH&S Building Code of Australia Standards Represent good practice (minimum) Two types Primary (called up by regulation) Secondary (called up by primary document) Guidelines Advisory Overcome practical issues Can have legal influence Legislation, Codes, Standards & Guidelines

  17. Building Code of Australia

  18. Building Code of AustraliaGeneral Provisions

  19. Building Code of AustraliaStructure

  20. Structure Types in AS3600

  21. AS3600 Supplement 1 AS3600 Design of Concrete AS1379 Supply of Concrete AS1379 Supplement 1 AS1012 Concrete AS3972 Cement AS3582 Supplementary Cementitious Materials AS2758 Aggregates AS1478 Admixtures Sampling and Testing Constituent Materials Concrete Standards RoadmapAS3600 and AS1379 under review

  22. Sustainable DevelopmentWhere to next? • Current rating systems have significant problems • Building fabric complex • Requirements legislated • Lot of data and knowledge • Not reflected in systems • Need a design framework to consider the many factors • Need a similar framework to consider constructional requirements • This needs to be economically viable

  23. Business Case for Slag • We knew a long time ago that it was a material of opportunity • Now widely used • Can provide solutions to future problems • To address sustainability and other challenges, new design and constructional frameworks needed • Need consistent supply of material

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