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Forging the National Economy (1790-1860)

Forging the National Economy (1790-1860). Chapter 14. A. The Westward Movement. Westward moving population Alleghenies Ohio Valley Incredibly hard life Isolated Ill-informed Dangerous Superstitious. Mythical, lone-wolf figures. Natty Bumpo Captain Ahab.

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Forging the National Economy (1790-1860)

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  1. Forging the National Economy (1790-1860) Chapter 14

  2. A. The Westward Movement • Westward moving population • Alleghenies • Ohio Valley • Incredibly hard life • Isolated • Ill-informed • Dangerous • Superstitious

  3. Mythical, lone-wolf figures • Natty Bumpo • Captain Ahab

  4. B. Shaping the Western Landscape • Clear-cut agriculture • erosion, • Over-cultivation • Beaver trappers in Rocky Mountains

  5. Buffalo hides • Ecological imperialism

  6. Natural resources • George Caitlin

  7. C. The March of Millions • 1860- US 4th largest nation in the world • Growth of American cities • Urbanization • Slums • High birth rate & immigration • Land of freedom & opportunity • Faster transportation

  8. Railroad carriages are pulled at the enormous speed of 15 miles per hour by engines which, in addition to endangering life and limb of passengers, roar and snort their way through the countryside, setting fire to the crops, scaring the livestock, and frightening women and children. The Almighty certainly never intended that people should travel at such breakneck speed.” • -Martin Van Buren

  9. D. The Emerald Isle Moves West • Potato famine of 1840s • Boston & New York • Hated by natives • Did low class & dangerous jobs • NINA • -No Irish need apply

  10. Slowly rose in prominence- Tammany Hall • Political machines

  11. E. The German 48ers • 1830s-1860s • Crop failures • Failed democratic revolutions • Not as poor as Irish • Midwest • Against slavery • Drinking on the Sabbath • Temperance

  12. F. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism • Anti-foreign & anti-Catholic • Catholics gained prominence (1850- majority) • Immigrants helped economy grow

  13. American nativists • “Order of the Star Spangled Banner” • Know-Nothings • American Party • Fictional literature • Attacks on Catholic schools, churches, & convents

  14. G. Creeping Mechanization • Slow to move to factory system • Cheap land • Cheap manufactured items from Britain • British laws

  15. H. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin- 1793 • Spread cotton production west • Started American industrial revolution • Revived slavery (manumission)

  16. Samuel Slater- to Rhode Island- 1791 • Textile mills started in the Northeast (water) • 400 million lbs. annually

  17. I. Marvels in Manufacturing • Factories spread slowly until 1807 • Embargo & non-intercourse • Treaty of Ghent- 1815 • Protective Tariff of 1816 • Eli Whitney- Interchangeable Parts • Early method of assembly line • Gave north manufacturing advantage • Rapid growth in patents- 1800-1860

  18. “What hath God wrought…” • Samuel Morse’s telegraph- 1844

  19. J. Workers & “Wage Slaves” • Owners vs. workers • Factory conditions • Labor unions forbidden • Child labor • Early demands of workers • Higher wages, better conditions, shorter day, education for children • Strikes by 1830s & 40s • Strikebreakers

  20. Win for the Unions • MA supreme court- Commonwealth vs. Hunt- 1842- unions legal

  21. K. Women & the Economy • Factory girls of New England (young, unmarried); 12-14 hr days • Lowell Factory System • Women in teaching • Women in domestic work

  22. Most women didn’t work, those that did were mostly unmarried • Fewer arranged marriages • Lower birth rate (domestic feminism) • Cult of domesticity

  23. L. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields • Corn farming in western pioneer families • Hogs & liquor • Corn to the south

  24. New inventions • 1837- John Deere- steel plow • 1830s- Cyrus McCormick- automatic reaper

  25. M. Highways & Steamboats • PN Turnpike- 1790s • Prompted western migration • Little federal funding • National/Cumberland Road- 1811-1852

  26. Steamboats- Robert Fulton’s Clermont- 1807 • 2-way transportation • 1820- 60 on the MS River • 1860- 1,000 on MS • Drew populations to river banks

  27. N. Clinton’s Big Ditch in NY • Erie Canal- 1817-1825 • Linked Great Lakes to Atlantic • Not federally funded • Cost, speed, population

  28. O. The Iron Horse • More versatile than canals • Cheaper • Easier to build • Could go almost anywhere • 1828-1860- 30,000 miles of track • Different gauges • Poor brakes- Westinghouse • Pullman sleeping car- 1859 • Iron

  29. P. Cables, Clippers, & Pony Riders • 1819- transatlantic steamer • 1858- transatlantic cable • 1840s & 1850s- clipper ships • 1860- pony express • 1861- cable to CA

  30. Q. The Transport Web Binds the Union • Sections of nation tied together • Depended on each other • North made manufactured goods- sent south & west • South grew cotton- sent north to mills • West grew grains & livestock- food for other regions & Europe

  31. R. The Market Revolution • Turning into a nation of consumers • Growth of corporations (limited liability) • Boston Associates • No longer self-sufficient households • Social mobility or improving standard of living?

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