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United States Academic Decathlon 2008-09

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA. United States Academic Decathlon 2008-09. Some Aztec Instruments Atecocoli (conch-shell trumpet) Tlapitzalli (flute) Teponaztli (drum, shown at front of drawing) Huéhuetl (drum, shown at rear).

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United States Academic Decathlon 2008-09

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  1. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA United States Academic Decathlon 2008-09

  2. Some Aztec Instruments Atecocoli (conch-shell trumpet) Tlapitzalli (flute) Teponaztli (drum, shown at front of drawing) Huéhuetl (drum, shown at rear) Aztec Music-Making (16th-cent. drawing)

  3. Aztec teponaztli

  4. Andean antaras (panpipes)

  5. Aymara panpipe performance: face to face Music Example: “Los Jilacatas,” panpipes & bass drum

  6. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Lands in Caribbean, 1492

  7. Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475-1541) Begins overthrowing Incas, 1531 Hernán Cortéz (1485-1547) Begins overthrowing Aztecs, 1519

  8. Early European Musical Notation (9th Century)

  9. Kyrie from the Mass for Christmas Day (10th cent) Kyrie eleison. Christe eleison. Kyrie eleison. (Lord have mercy. Christ have mercy. Lord have mercy.) Important Chants of the Mass Ordinary Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei Monophonic texture: a single, unaccompanied melodic line

  10. The Renaissance in European Music: 15th & 16th cents. Polyphonic texture: multiple interwoven melodic lines Music Example: Victoria, Kyrie from Missa O magnum mysterium (ca. 1580s) Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548-1611)

  11. Mexico City Cathedral (established 1528) Other important early cathedrals: Guatemala Cathedral (1534) Lima Cathedral (1535)

  12. chapel: choir, the central musical ensemble maestro di capilla: “chapel master,” the choir director and principal composer a cappella: vocal music without any instrumental accompaniment Baroque Period in European Music: 1600-1750 Ignacio Jerusalem (1707-69): maestro di capilla at Mexico City Cathedral starting in 1750 Music Example: Jerusalem, Kyrie from the Mass in D Major

  13. Villancico: vocal genre with sacred or secular Spanish poetry; features a prominent refrain, or estribillo; component of Latin American church services, especially during Christmas season Character villancico: poetry includes stereotyped representations of indigenous peoples, African slaves, and others

  14. Pedro de Gante (1480-1572)

  15. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) José de San Martín (1778-1850)

  16. Corrido: Mexican popular song genre with ballad text; gained prominence during Mexican Revolution (1910-17) Gregorio Cortez (1875-1916) (seated, center), finally caught

  17. Mariachi Sol Huasteco (Oxnard, California) vihuela (right): five-stringed guitar-like instrument guitarrón (center): six-stringed acoustic bass guitar

  18. Rumba: orig. Afro-Cuban recreational event involving dancing and music with Spanish lyrics and Afro-Cuban drumming Some associated percussion: Congas (top) Bongos (middle, left) Cajon (middle, right) Claves (bottom)

  19. The “King of Rumba”: Xavier Cugat (1900-90) and friend Music Example: Cugat, “Brand New Cha Cha”

  20. Samba: a percussive Afro-Brazilian dance with singing Early 20th century: urban samba traditions centered in Rio de Janeiro, with important contributions by Afro-Brazilian migrants from Bahia samba-canção: ballroom-dance version of samba, became popular in 1930s syncopation: rhythmic emphasis on a weak beat or off the beat entirely

  21. Carmen Miranda (1909-55)

  22. The Real Carmen Miranda Music Example: “O que é que a Bahiana tem?” (“What is it that the Bahian girl has?”) from Brazilian film Banana da terra (1938)

  23. Peter Tchaikovsky (1840-93) Modest Musorgsky (1839-81)

  24. Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)

  25. José Clemente Orozco, The Departure of Quetzalcoatl (1932-34)

  26. • studied piano with nationalist composer Manuel Ponce (1882-1948) • director of Mexico’s first professional symphony orchestra • director of Mexico’s national music conservatory El fuego nuevo (The New Fire), ballet, 1921 Music Example: Sinfonía india (Indian Symphony), 1935-36 Carlos Chávez (1899-1978)

  27. Some features of Sinfonía india: • strong emphasis on rhythm, including syncopation & asymmetrical meters such as 5/8 (3+2 or 2+3) • repetition of short melodic & rhythmic fragments • layered musical texture • emphasis on orchestral color (esp. winds & percussion)

  28. Igor Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring (1913) (Joffrey Ballet) Music Example: “Dance of the Adolescent Girls”

  29. Silvestre Revueltas (1899-1940) Music Example: Sensemayá (1938), program music

  30. Sensemayá, poem by Nicolás Guillén (1902-89) Sensemayá Canto para matar una culebra ¡Mayombe bombe mayombé! ¡Mayombe bombe mayombé! ¡Mayombe bombe mayombé! (Sensemayá Chant to kill a snake Mayombe bombe mayombé! Mayombe bombe mayombé! Mayombe bombe mayombé!)

  31. Compositions: 14 Chôros (1920-29) 9 Bachianas brasileiras (1930-45) Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) in Rio, 1941

  32. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Music Example: “Air” from Orchestral Suite No. 3 (ca. 1731)

  33. Music Example: Villa-Lobos, “Aria” from Bachianas brasileiras No. 5 (1938-45)

  34. Scherzo from Sonata, Op. 47 (1976; rev. 1981) Some features: • abrupt musical contrasts • atonality (absence of a tonal center, or key) • unconventional techniques (glissando, pizzacti) Alberto Ginastera (1916-83)

  35. Astor Piazzolla (1921-92) with bandoneón

  36. Tango • developed in slums of Buenos Aires, late 19th cent. • emotional intensity, minor mode, abrupt musical shifts Historical/stylistic periods: • la guardia vieja (1890s-1910s) • la guardia nueva (1920s-50s) • la guardia tercera (late 1950s onward)

  37. Music Example: Piazzolla, “Verano Porteño” (1965), 1st movement from Las Cuatro Estaciones Porteñas

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