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The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment Ideals. Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairs Science takes its place for the first time. The Philosophes. Thinkers who advocated reason

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The Enlightenment

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  1. The Enlightenment

  2. The Enlightenment Ideals • Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairs • Science takes its place for the first time

  3. The Philosophes • Thinkers who advocated reason • Paris was the center of the movement • Search for universal laws in human affairs • Scorned superstition, Christianity • Encyclopedie – a compendium of all human knowledge edited by Diderot • Deism – God created universe to operate rationally

  4. The Salons • Social gatherings with dining, entertainment, conversation • Wealthy women • Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot • Helped finance Encyclopedie • Discussion of ideas and events

  5. Rousseau • Most popular of the Enlightenment • Natural goodness of humans; value of freedom and equality • Respect for humans in nature – Native Americans were the exemplars • Concept of “general will” • Flaws in society and institution cause social injustice

  6. LOCKE Two Treatises of Government Government: voluntary association of humans acting in their self-interest Humans are reasonable and cooperative Power of the legislature: the people People could overthrow government and replace with better one HOBBES Leviathan All-powerful sovereign should rule stupid humans Humans are greedy and violent Power of the executive: the government

  7. Rococo Style • Softer, more delicate style than Baroque • Name from “rocaille,” a shell-like decoration used in gardens. • Art was happy, witty, frivolous, playful • Watteau: Pilgrimage to Cythera (fig. 16.3) • Fragonard: The Meeting (fig. 16.5)

  8. The Bourgeois Response • Figaro based on a French play • Condemned aristocratic privilege • Middle class gained influence • Art reflected their moral attitudes

  9. The Rise of the Novel • Epistolary novels • A leisured class of educated readers emerged • Novels of manners, such as Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility

  10. The Neoclassical Style • Style of the later eighteenth century that imitated the art of ancient Greece and Rome • Influenced by scholarship, excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii

  11. Neoclassical Architecture • Influence of Palladio • Chiswick House (fig. 16.17) • Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France • Monticello in Virginia (fig. 16.19)

  12. Neoclassical Painting • Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii (fig. 16.13), 1784 • This painting embodied leading principles of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste. • Revolt against rococo • David involved in French Revolution

  13. The Classical Symphony • Order, proportion, harmony • Haydn – “father” of symphony • 4 movements • sonata form: three-part structure still used today • Mozart had the ability to create effortless transitions between sections and build symmetrical structure for his music

  14. The Age of Satire • Aims to improve society by humorous criticism • Attacks on social ills • Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels • Voltaire: Candide • Hogarth: Marriage à la Mode: The Marriage Contract (fig. 16.9)

  15. Jonathan Swift • A Modest Proposal recommended that poor Irish children be butchered, roasted and served for Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and provide income. • Gulliver’s Travels Horses put humans to shame. Mocked humans as Yahoos • Not convinced of human decency

  16. Voltaire • Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political oppression • Candide makes fun of optimists • Cultivate your own garden: reject philosophical solutions, cultivate self, work hard and seek a comfortable and reasonable life.

  17. Mozart and Opera • Independent musician: no patron • Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works, including 20 operas and 41 symphonies • Joseph II of Austria sponsored him • Balance of music and drama in opera • The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute

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