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1.1 Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1

At the end of this module, you will be able to:<br>Explain the periodic table including groups, compounds, metals and non-metals. <br>Outline the reasons for using various symbols in chemistry. <br>Describe what atoms are. <br>Classify elements and compounds. <br>Explain chemical bonds including ionic and covalent bonding. <br>

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1.1 Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1

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  1. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 Learning Outcomes | Fundamentals of Chemistry | Alison

  2. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 At the end of this module, you will be able to: Explain the periodic table including groups, compounds, metals and non-metals. Outline the reasons for using various symbols in chemistry. Describe what atoms are. Classify elements and compounds. Explain chemical bonds including ionic and covalent bonding.

  3. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know? All matter consists of particles called atoms. Atoms bond to each other to form elements, which contain only one kind of atom. Atoms of different elements form compounds, molecules, and objects. Key Takeaways: Model of the Atom An atom is a building block of matter that cannot be broken apart using any chemical means. Nuclear reactions can alter atoms. The three parts of the atom are protons (positively charged), neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons (negatively charged). Protons and neutrons form the atomic nucleus. Electrons are attracted to the protons in the nucleus, but are moving so quickly they fall toward it (orbit) rather than stick to protons. The identity of an atom is determined by its number of protons. This is also called its atomic number.

  4. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know?

  5. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know? Parts of an Atom Atoms consist of three parts: • Protons: Protons are the basis of atoms. While an atom can gain or lose neutrons and electrons, its identity is tied to the number of protons. The symbol for proton number is the capital letter Z. • Neutrons: The number of neutrons in an atom is indicated by the letter N. The atomic mass of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons or Z + N. The strong nuclear force binds protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus of an atom. • Electrons: Electrons are much smaller than protons or neutrons and orbit around them.

  6. This is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms: • Atoms cannot be divided using chemicals. They do consist of parts, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons, but an atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. Nuclear reactions, such as radioactive decay and fission, can break apart atoms. • Each electron has a negative electrical charge. • Each proton has a positive electrical charge. The charge of a proton and an electron are equal in magnitude, yet opposite in sign. Electrons and protons are electrically attracted to each other. Like charges (protons and protons, electrons and electrons) repel each other. • Each neutron is electrically neutral. In other words, neutrons do not have a charge and are not electrically attracted to either electrons or protons. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know?

  7. This is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms: • Protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other and are much larger than electrons. The mass of a proton is essentially the same as that of a neutron. The mass of a proton is 1840 times greater than the mass of an electron. • The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge. • Electrons move around outside the nucleus. Electrons are organized into shells, which is a region where an electron is most likely found. Simple models show electrons orbiting the nuclear in a near-circular orbit, like planets orbiting a star, but real behavior is much more complex. Some electron shells resemble spheres, but others look more like dumb bells or other shapes. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know?

  8. This is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms: • Technically, an electron can be found anywhere within the atom, but spends most of its time in the region described by an orbital. Electrons can also move between orbitals. • Atoms are very small. The average size of an atom is about 100 picometers or one ten-billionth of a meter. • Almost all of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus; almost all of the volume of an atom is occupied by electrons. • The number of protons (also known as its atomic number) determines the element. Varying the number of neutrons results in isotopes. Varying the number of electrons results in ions. Isotopes and ions of an atom with a constant number of protons are all variations of a single element. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know?

  9. This is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms: • The particles within an atom are bound together by powerful forces. In general, electrons are easier to add or remove from an atom than a proton or neutron. Chemical reactions largely involve atoms or groups of atoms and the interactions between their electrons. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know?

  10. What Is an Atom and How Do We Know? https://youtu.be/LhveTGblGHY 13 mts

  11. Atomic Structure: Protons, Electrons & Neutrons https://youtu.be/EMDrb2LqL7E 13 mts

  12. Classify elements and compounds. Elements and compounds are the two forms in which pure substances exist. Element Definition: Elements – Elements constitute the simplest chemical substances in which all the atoms are exactly the same. Compound Definition: Compounds – Compounds are chemical substances made up of two or more elements that are chemically bound together in a fixed ratio.

  13. Classification of Matter Elements Compounds Mixtures Here we are going to discuss two categories of the matter: Elements and Compounds

  14. Classification of Matter What is a Compound? When two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio by mass, the obtained product is known as a compound. Compounds can be defined as substances consisting of 2 or more different types of elements in a fixed ratio of their atoms. When the elements combine, some individual property of the elements is lost and the newly formed compound has new properties. Chemical Formula: Compounds are represented by their chemical formula. A chemical formula is a symbolic representation of the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. The chemical formula of water is H2O which shows two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen have combined to form one molecule of H2O. The chemical formula for common salt is NaCl which shows one atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine combine to form one molecule of NaCl.

  15. Classification of Matter 1. Types Of Compounds Compounds can be classified into two types, molecular compounds and salts. In molecular compounds, the atom binds each other through covalent bonds. In salts, it is held together with ionic bonds. These are the two types of bonds out of which every compound is made of. 2. Example Of Compounds Example of compounds includes water (H2O), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), etc. You could see water’s chemical formula, it says it has 2 atoms of Hydrogen combined with 1 atom of oxygen and in hydrogen peroxide, it has 2 atoms of hydrogen and two atoms of oxygen. Similarly, an example of salt would be the table salt (NaCl) which has 1 atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine.

  16. Classification of Matter Examples of some commonly used compounds and their molecular formula:

  17. Classification of Matter What are the Elements? We can define elements as a species of atoms that have the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei. Although an element’s atoms have the same number of protons, they can have different numbers of neutrons and hence different masses. Isotopes: When atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons, they are known as isotopes. As of now, there are 118 elements, of which the first 94 are naturally occurring while the remaining 24 are synthetic elements. Elements are complete chemical substances which relate to a single entry in the modern periodic table. Elements consist of one kind of atom only. They cannot be broken down into simpler fragments and can exist as atoms or as molecules. Elements are represented by symbols that are assigned by IUPAC. For example, Oxygen is represented by O, Aluminium is represented by Al, etc.

  18. Classification of Matter 1. Types of Elements The elements are arranged in the periodic table and are split depending upon their groups as either metallic or non-metallic. Metallic is further classified into Main Group Metals, Transition Metals, and f-block metals. These are again further divided, depending upon their properties. 2. Examples of Elements Elements exist in their simplest form and cannot be broken down further. So, elements can exist in the form of ions, atoms, isotopes, molecules. An example of an element is Nitrogen atom(N), Nitrogen gas (N2), Nitrogen ion(N3–) and Nitrogen isotopes (Nitrogen-13, Nitrogen-14, and Nitrogen-15). Similarly, you could see other elements’ existence.

  19. Classification of Matter Examples of some commonly used elements along with their chemical symbols:

  20. Classification of Matter Examples of some commonly used elements along with their chemical symbols: https://youtu.be/0Frb3gsWV5o 2 mts https://youtu.be/rEDjDCzYPuA 19 mts

  21. Classification of Matter What does compound mean? A compound is a material formed by chemically bonding two or more chemical elements. The type of bond keeping elements in a compound together may vary: covalent bonds and ionic bonds are two common types. The elements are always present in fixed ratios in any compound. What is an example of a compound? A compound is a material composed of two or more components. Water, carbon dioxide and table salt are some examples of compounds. What is the classification of compounds? There are two basic groups of compounds. We are characterized by the way the atoms in the compound bind to each other. Such two types are called “molecular” and “salt” compounds. What is the meaning of the term element? A material that can not be separated by chemical means into simpler substances. Each element consists of atoms with the same atomic number, that is, each atom has in its nucleus the same number of protons as all other atoms of that element.

  22. Classification of Matter Is pure substance an element? A component is a single material that can not be divided into various types of substances. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, gold, silver and iron are examples of elements. Every element consists of just one atom form. What is the difference between an element a compound and a mixture? A material that only consists of one form of atom. Compound: A material which consists of more than one form of bonded atom. Mixture: a blend of two or more unbounded components or compounds; each component of the mixture preserves its own properties. What are the two classifications of mixtures? Two major groups can be divided into mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is one in which the entire composition of its elements is combined evenly. What is an atom element compound and mixture? The same number of protons and electrons would be found in a single atom and most atoms contain at least as many neutrons as protons. An element is a material completely formed from one form of atom. A composite is a material consisting of chemically connected two or more separate elements.

  23. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 View the image below for a brief introduction to the periodic table.

  24. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 What Are Groups? View the animation below for an explanation of the groups in the periodic table and complete the activities.table. https://alison.com/topic/learn/81900/the-periodic-table#course-plan

  25. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 What Groups Mean? As you will have noticed, the groups correspond to the numbers of electrons found in the outer shell of the atoms in that group. But what does this mean?Scientists have discovered that it is the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom, which governs the way the atom behaves. All the metals in Group II for example, react in the same way with other elements. This is very useful in predicting what will occur when new compounds are being created, and has also led to new elements being discovered to "fill a hole" in the periodic table. Explore the periodic table below for more information on the groups. https://alison.com/topic/learn/81900/the-periodic-table#course-plan

  26. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 What Are Periods? We have seen that the arrangement of elements into groups is very informative. The other part of the table is the horizontal rows, called periods. Why Are Compounds Formed? Full Shells - Metals and Non-Metals Using the Periodic TableView the animation to find out more about the periods in the periodic table and complete the activities.

  27. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 Using Symbols - The Language of Chemistry The language of chemistry is one of symbols. Symbols are used to write chemical information in a brief, informative and clear way.Every type of material is given its own symbol or combination of symbols to represent how it is made. You need to be familiar with a number of these symbols and have an idea of what they represent.Some common elements and their symbols are:H - hydrogenHe - heliumC - carbonN - nitrogenO - oxygen

  28. Using Symbols - The Language of Chemistry • Symbols for the first thirty elements: Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1

  29. What is a Molecule? • What gives nature its diversity is the variation between one atom and the next, and the way in which atoms combine or react to form molecules. Molecules are simple combinations of atoms. Sometimes all the atoms in a molecule are of the same type. Other molecules contain more than one type of atom.Atoms can be joined together in a number of ways to make molecules, but all the joining involves the movement of those tiny, fast-moving particles called electrons. We often represent atoms and molecules as coloured balls, as will be seen throughout the chemistry unit. https://alison.com/topic/learn/81901/molecules-atoms-and-elements#course-plan Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1

  30. How Molecules are Made? • Some types of atoms exist by themselves. Some naturally combine to form molecules.When atoms combine to form molecules they are said to have reacted and become chemically bonded.The next two pages show some well known chemical reactions between some molecules and some atoms. • What Is a Molecule? - 8 Mts • https://youtu.be/C0Qaf-UJ2XQ Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1

  31. Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1 • The Pop Test - Joining Hydrogen and Oxygen • When hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms are joined they form a new compound called water as shown in the diagram below: • You don't often find solitary hydrogen or oxygen atoms - they are usually in the form of hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Consequently, the reaction actually looks more like this:

  32. A Roaring Good Fire - Joining Carbon and Oxygen • When carbon atoms and oxygen atoms are joined they form a new compound called carbon dioxide as shown in the diagram below: • Classifying Elements and Compounds • When we work with chemicals we classify them according to the type of atoms from which they are made. Molecules consisting of only one type of atom are called elements. Molecules that contain more than one type of atom are called compounds (remember molecules are atoms that have reacted and become chemically bonded). • https://alison.com/topic/learn/81901/molecules-atoms-and-elements#course-plan Module 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry - Part 1

  33. Oxygen, Nitrogen & Carbon and Covalent Chemical Bonds - 17 mts https://youtu.be/G9K6PMGt4LM https://youtu.be/G9K6PMGt4LM

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