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Languages of Judaism

Languages of Judaism. Hebrew, Aramaic, Ladino, Yiddish, and Yinglish. Sacred Languages: Languages of Sacred Scriptures. Hinduism: Sanskrit (Vedas) Judaism: Hebrew (Tanakh) Christianity: Greek (New Testament) Islam Arabic (Qur’an). Map of Semitic Heartland.

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Languages of Judaism

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  1. Languages of Judaism Hebrew, Aramaic, Ladino, Yiddish, and Yinglish

  2. Sacred Languages: Languages of Sacred Scriptures • Hinduism: Sanskrit (Vedas) • Judaism: Hebrew (Tanakh) • Christianity: Greek (New Testament) • Islam Arabic (Qur’an)

  3. Map of Semitic Heartland

  4. Chart of Semitic languages

  5. Map: Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia

  6. Map: Hittites, Mitanni, Egypt

  7. Map: Afro Asiatic Family

  8. Core features of Hebrew and other Semitic languages • Pharyngeal consonants (absent from modern Hebrew) • Triliterate roots • Noun morphology: 3 cases (now disappearing) • Verb morphology: • complex derivation from simple roots • Gender inflection in 2nd and 3rd persons

  9. Four phases of Hebrew • Biblical (Classical) Hebrew, till 3rd c. BCE. • Aramaic replaced it as the spoken language • Mishnaic (Rabbinic) Hebrew: written in 200 C.E. • Never the spoken language of the people • Medieval Hebrew: 6th to 13th century. • Borrowings from Greek, Arabic, Spanish • Modern Hebrew

  10. Medieval Hebrew • Poetry (piyuttim) • Creation of thousands of new terms using Hebrew roots.

  11. The phonology of Hebrew • When no longer a spoken language, people pronounced (or mispronounced) it on the basis of Diaspora languages • Two possible sources of phonological influence: Yiddish and Arabic. • Ashkenazic Hebrew based on Yiddish phonology. • Sephardic Hebrew based on Arabic phonology

  12. Israeli Hebrew: a phonological mishmash • The State of Israel tried to adopt the Sephardic pronunciation. • But there was phonological interference from European languages • Couldn’t pronounce pharyngeal sounds (‘ayin and Het) • Used the Yiddish uvular “r”. • Elite mispronunciations became the norm.

  13. Examples of problem words • Ani rotse lagur b’erets israel (I want to live in the land of Israel) • Arba>im (forty) • Qaniti lachem leHem. (I bought bread for you.) • Machar (he sold) and maHar (tomorrow) The mispronunciation of the Ashkenazim has now become “higher class” Hebrew.

  14. Hebrew alphabet • Sounds, not idiographs • Only consonants. Vowels not represented until later. (Masoretic vowel points). • Written from right to left • Some letters have a different form if they are word-final

  15. Semitic alphabets

  16. Semitic alphabets, cont’d

  17. “In the beginning…”as in the Torah scroll

  18. “In the beginning…”with vowels and cantillation

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