1. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques • There are a number of techniques which are used to diagnose prenatal defects in fetuses whose mothers are at risk of having a baby with an abnormality. • This may be a question of a family history of an anomaly, or that the parents have already had one child with a defect. • Prenatal testing may be performed on the grounds of the age of the mother. • Common techniques are: • Alpha Feta Protein • Amniocentesis • Chorionic villus sampling • Ultrasound scanning

2. Birthing Factors • Toxemia or preeclampsia • Bleeding during pregnancy • Placent displasia • Prolonged birth • Breech births • Cesarean section (25% of all births) • Anoxia at birth is biggest risk

3. Apgar Test

9. Plasticity The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is susceptible to Experience (i.e., nurture) Can the environment RETARD motor development? Can motor development be SPEEDED? Can motor development be influenced by a baby’s culture?

10. Physical Development Cephalocaudal Principle Head to tail Proximodistal Principle Near and far Principle of Hierarchical Integration Principle of Independent Systems

12. Gross Motor Skills: Fine Motor Skills Month One: Can lift chin slightly Hands fisted/reflexive grasp Month Two: Wobbly head while sitting Swipes toys with /hands Month Three: Holds head steady in sitting Hands open Rolls back to side Grasps/holds an object Puts weight on arms while on tummy Hands play at midline Month Four: Sits on propped arms Reaches with both arms/hands Rolls tummy to side Brings fingers/hands in mouth No head lag seen when pulled to sit Squeeze grasp emerging Month Five: Rolls tummy to back Reaches with good aim Wiggles few feet forward Puts objects/toys in mouth Pushes up with arms while on belly Picks up spoon or cup by handle Sits propped on hands Starts grabbing feet Month Six: Sits briefly independently Reaches precisely and grasps objects Sits in a highchair Transfers toys from hand to hand Rolls over both ways Bangs a cup on a table

13. Gross Motor Skills: Fine Motor Skills Month Seven: Sits unsupported~30 seconds Crosses midline when reaching Rocks on all fours Uses whole hand to rake in objects Pivots in a circle while on tummy Thumb to finger grasp emerging Month Eight: Transitions tummy to sit Bangs cubes together Crawls forward Uses a three-fingered grasp Reaches while on tummy Month Nine: Transitions sit to tummy Uses thumb to index finger grasp (crude) Pulls to stand while holding on Crude release of objects Creeps on all fours Drops toys and objects Stands while leaning on furniture Points index finger Month Ten: Cruises along furniture Pokes with fingers Stands unsupported briefly Uses thumb to index finger grasp (precise) Transfers from crawl to sit Stacks objects Month Eleven: Stands unsupported Releases a cube at will Walks with hands held Removes pegs from a pegboard Month Twelve: First independent steps Puts objects in a container Stands unsupported~12 seconds Releases an object precisely Assumes/maintains kneeling Stacks two one-inch cubes

14. Age Large Motor Skills Small Motor Skills 2 - 3 years Walks more rhythmically; hurried walk changes to run. Put on and removes simple items of clothing. Jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body. Zips and unzips larger zippers. Pushes riding toy with feet; little steering. Uses spoon effectively

15. 3 - 4 years Walks up stairs, alternating feet, and downstairs, leading with one foot. Fastens and unfastens large buttons. Jumps and hops, flexing upper body. Serves self food without assistance. Throws and catches with slight involvement of upper body; still catches by trapping ball against chest. Uses scissors. Pedals and steers tricycle. Copies vertical line and circle. Draws first picture of person, using tadpole image.

16. 4 - 5 years Walks downstairs, alternating feet. Uses fork effectively. Runs more smoothly. Cuts with scissors following line Gallops and skips with one foot. Copies triangles, cross, and some letters. Throws ball with increased body rotation and transfer of weight on feet; catches ball with hands. Rides tricycle rapidly, steers smoothly.

17. 5 - 6 years Increases running speed. Uses knife to cut soft food. Gallops more smoothly; engages in true skipping. Ties shoes. Displays mature throwing and catching pattern. Draws person with six parts. Rides bicycle with training wheels. Copies some numbers and simple words.