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RT 4a Network integration and modeling of large wind turbines

RT 4a Network integration and modeling of large wind turbines

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RT 4a Network integration and modeling of large wind turbines

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    1. 1 RT 4a Network integration and modeling of large wind turbines Grids Codes and their application to distribution connected wind turbines Voltage and power factor control - Reigh Walling Models of variable speed wind turbines, particularly for fault calculations - Graeme Bathurst Modelling of Wind Turbines – Stavros Papathanassiou Loss-of-mains protection and its relevance to large wind turbines Integration of significant distribution-connected wind generation into transmission systems, and implications for overall system balancing and operation.

    2. 2 Pre-planned double circuit outage needed to allow new cruise ship ‘Norwegian Pearl’ along Ems river in north eastern Germany. At 21:38h, both circuits of the 380-kV-line Conneforde-Diele were switched out High loads on Wehrendorf-Landesbergen (East-Westphalia) EON to RWE EON operators tried to couple a number of lines at a substation to resolve the problem but at 22:10h, the lines Wehrendorf-Landesbergen and Bechterdissen-Elsen lines tripped. Further tie-lines were overloaded within seconds and tripped in cascade creating 3 power islands Area 2 (green) had ~6GW excess generation and rose to ~53Hz, Area 3 49.7 Hz in Area 1 (orange) frequency fell to 49Hz and 13,350 MW was lost on low frequency tripping Country TSO Load shed Austria APG 1500 MW Belgium Elia 800 MW France RTE 5200 MW Germany E.ON Netz 400 MW Germany RWE TSO 2000 MW Italy TERNA 1500 MW Netherlands TenneT 400 MW Portugal REN 500 MW Spain REE 1050 MW European UCTE network was reconnected after 38 minutes and the customers were progressively supplied again between 40 and 90 minutes of the incident. Investigations by EON, German Regulator, UCTE and Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER). EON have said the event was chiefly caused by human error. 2 GW export from France to GB maintained throughout.Pre-planned double circuit outage needed to allow new cruise ship ‘Norwegian Pearl’ along Ems river in north eastern Germany. At 21:38h, both circuits of the 380-kV-line Conneforde-Diele were switched out High loads on Wehrendorf-Landesbergen (East-Westphalia) EON to RWE EON operators tried to couple a number of lines at a substation to resolve the problem but at 22:10h, the lines Wehrendorf-Landesbergen and Bechterdissen-Elsen lines tripped. Further tie-lines were overloaded within seconds and tripped in cascade creating 3 power islands Area 2 (green) had ~6GW excess generation and rose to ~53Hz, Area 3 49.7 Hz in Area 1 (orange) frequency fell to 49Hz and 13,350 MW was lost on low frequency tripping Country TSO Load shed Austria APG 1500 MW Belgium Elia 800 MW France RTE 5200 MW Germany E.ON Netz 400 MW Germany RWE TSO 2000 MW Italy TERNA 1500 MW Netherlands TenneT 400 MW Portugal REN 500 MW Spain REE 1050 MW European UCTE network was reconnected after 38 minutes and the customers were progressively supplied again between 40 and 90 minutes of the incident. Investigations by EON, German Regulator, UCTE and Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER). EON have said the event was chiefly caused by human error. 2 GW export from France to GB maintained throughout.

    3. 3 Outcome of RT What do we know? Modelling of Wind Turbines Steady state Dynamic Fault calculations Is the relationship between the Codes for Distribution and Transmission connected wind generation clear? Is there a role for CIRED in this area?

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    9. 9 What do we need to model? Traditional Power System Analysis Steady state operation – load flow Dynamic operation – transient stability Fault current – fault calculators Additional Tools Optimal power flow Probabilistic power flow Electro-magnetic tranmsients

    10. 10 Features of Grid Codes (Transmission Connected) Low voltage Fault Ride Through Wide frequency range of operation Voltage control of entire wind farm Ability to provide frequency response Are these relevant for Distribution Connected Wind Turbines? Are the Grid Codes appropriate for Distribution Connected Wind Turbines?

    11. 11 Voltage and Power Factor Control Reigh Walling Should vernier pf or voltage control be required? Should tariffs allow payments to wind generator for ancillary voltage regulation service?

    12. 12 Fault Calculations for Variable Speed Turbines Graeme Bathurst What data should manufacturers provide? Are existing calculation methods sufficient? Should we consider equipment failure?

    13. 13 Loss of Mains Protection Designed to trip Distributed Generation during network disturbances Main objective is Distribution Network Safety (Earthing, Operator Safety, single in-feed) Is this compatible with very large penetrations of DG? Is this compatible with Grid Codes?

    14. 14 Voltage Depressions throughout the network Example of propagation of voltage depression throughout the network caused by a Supergrid fault. This leads to the requirement for robust Fault Ride Through capability of distributed wind farms Slide from Colin Bayfield Scottish Power In almost all items of electrical generating plant, normal operating conditions are only a small part of the story. In particular, for generation disbursed over a wide area, the power companies are worried about the effects of network faults causing voltage depressions that, in turn lead to much of the generation being disconnected. As well as normal operation, it is extremely important to consider abnormal or fault conditions. This slide shows the effect on network voltage of a fault on a busbar in central Scotland and it can be seen that low voltage propagates throughout Scotland and down as far as England. Red shows 0-15% retained voltage Blue shows 30-50% retained voltage White shows 50-85% retained voltage Only converter connected plant can continue to operate with significant voltage depressions. This is another reason for the popularity of DFIG and wide range wind turbines. In almost all items of electrical generating plant, normal operating conditions are only a small part of the story. In particular, for generation disbursed over a wide area, the power companies are worried about the effects of network faults causing voltage depressions that, in turn lead to much of the generation being disconnected. As well as normal operation, it is extremely important to consider abnormal or fault conditions. This slide shows the effect on network voltage of a fault on a busbar in central Scotland and it can be seen that low voltage propagates throughout Scotland and down as far as England. Red shows 0-15% retained voltage Blue shows 30-50% retained voltage White shows 50-85% retained voltage Only converter connected plant can continue to operate with significant voltage depressions. This is another reason for the popularity of DFIG and wide range wind turbines.

    15. 15 In the past if there is any fault in the system, it was a common practice to disconnect the wind farm from the system. However as the capacity of the wind farm is increased, disconnecting large amount of wind power could cause instability in the system. Therefore, presently wind farms are required to be remain connected to the system for a certain period of time defined by the grid codes. In the past if there is any fault in the system, it was a common practice to disconnect the wind farm from the system. However as the capacity of the wind farm is increased, disconnecting large amount of wind power could cause instability in the system. Therefore, presently wind farms are required to be remain connected to the system for a certain period of time defined by the grid codes.

    16. 16 In the past if there is any fault in the system, it was a common practice to disconnect the wind farm from the system. However as the capacity of the wind farm is increased, disconnecting large amount of wind power could cause instability in the system. Therefore, presently wind farms are required to be remain connected to the system for a certain period of time defined by the grid codes. In the past if there is any fault in the system, it was a common practice to disconnect the wind farm from the system. However as the capacity of the wind farm is increased, disconnecting large amount of wind power could cause instability in the system. Therefore, presently wind farms are required to be remain connected to the system for a certain period of time defined by the grid codes.

    17. 17 In the past if there is any fault in the system, it was a common practice to disconnect the wind farm from the system. However as the capacity of the wind farm is increased, disconnecting large amount of wind power could cause instability in the system. Therefore, presently wind farms are required to be remain connected to the system for a certain period of time defined by the grid codes. In the past if there is any fault in the system, it was a common practice to disconnect the wind farm from the system. However as the capacity of the wind farm is increased, disconnecting large amount of wind power could cause instability in the system. Therefore, presently wind farms are required to be remain connected to the system for a certain period of time defined by the grid codes.

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