2

1. ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? 2 ??????? ???????? ??? ??????

2. ??????? ????????Subphylum Vertebrata??? ??????Class Agnath

3. ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? :

4. ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ???

5. Ostracoderms First vertebrates to possess bone and also the first to possess an intricate lateral line system and an inner ear with two semicircular canals. Ostracoderms were encased in bony plates (with skin in between the plates so they could flex). The bony plates of the head in many cases were large and often fused into a head shield They did not have a well developed endoskeleton and it was usually of cartilage.

6. Ostracoderms Most ostracoderms were small (10-35 cm in length) and most lacked paired fins so they probably were not precision swimmers. The ostracoderms were jawless with narrow, fixed mouths. They appear to have been mainly filter feeders that used their pharyngeal muscles to pump water.

7. Ostracoderms The phylogenetic relationships of the various ostracoderm groups are still being figured out. Major groups include the Pteraspidomorphs, Osteostracans and Anaspids.

8. Ostracodermi calssification Order Cephalaspidomorpha Order Anaspidia Order Peteraspidomorpha

9. Pteraspidomorphs ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???. Pteraspidomorphs occur from the Ordovician to the late Devonian. They possessed paired nasal openings and a vestibular apparatus with two semicircular canals.

12. Anaspids ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? Appear late in the Silurian and possess much more flexible body armour made up of small plates and a hypocercal tail (with an extended ventral lobe) which suggest a trend towards more open-water swimming.

13. Anaspids

15. Cephalaspidomorpha ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? Cephalaspidomorphs are a group of jawless fishes named for the cephalaspids, osteostracans. Most biologists regard this taxon as extinct, but the name is sometimes used in the classification of lampreys because lampreys were once thought to be related to cephalaspids. If lampreys are included, they would extend the known range of the group from the Silurian and Devonian periods to the present day.

16. Cephalaspidomorpha

17. Cephalaspidomorpha

18. Cephalaspidomorpha

19. ???????? ?????

20. ???????? ?????

24. Lampreys and Hagfishes

25. ?????? ??????(Lamprey) : ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? Cyclostoma ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? Agnatha ??? . ??? ???? ??? ?????Petromyzon marinus ??? . ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? . ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? .???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? .????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 70cm ?? 1m ??? ???? . ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? . ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? . ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? . ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? . ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? .

26. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? . ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? . ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? . ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? . ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? . ?? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? . ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? . ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? Ammocoet ?? ??? . ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? . ????????? ???? : ??? � ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? . ?- ????? ??? ??? . ?- ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? . ?- ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? . ?- ?? ???? Noturn ??? . ?- ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? U ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? .?????? ?? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? .

27. ?????? . ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? . ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ( ???????) ?? ??? ? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? Nocturn ?? ???? Diurn ( ??? ???? ) ????? ????? . ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? . ????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? .

28. External Anatomy

29. Sea Lamprey Structure

30. Some Prehistoric Facts Lampreys developed from jawless fishes that swam through prehistoric waters five hundred million years ago. The jawless fish then died in what later became a coal mine, south of what later was Chicago.

31. Sea Lamprey Structure

32. Sea Lamprey Structure

33. Sea Lamprey Structure 2 separate dorsal fins with a maximum size of 47� Distinct oral disc with tooth like plates of keratin on eversible tongue Seven pairs of gill openings on each side of the head, lacks paired fins Unlike hagfish, have well-developed eyes

34. Ammocoete Larval lamprey = ammocoete, lives secretive life buried where it filter feeds on algae and detritus

35. Ammocoete

36. Sea Lamprey Habits Latches on sides of fish sucking blood and body juices (lymph) Some species are more predatory than others removing bone and organs

37. Lampreys as Predators Great Lakes invasion by Sea Lamprey 1890 Lamprey moves into Lake Ontario and Erie via Welland canal (mistake) By 1946 lampreys are established in all the Great Lakes Following the invasion large fish � lake trout and whitefish collapse with their associated fishery Recover of fishery is impossible due to the low fecundity and long maturity rates of trout and whitefish A poison is specific for ammocoetes

38. Physical Characteristics They have no scales Adults can range from 5 to 40 inches long Rings of needle sharp teeth form the �O� of the mouth

39. Lamprey Life Cycle 1) ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? . ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? .������ ��������������������������������� 2) ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? . ���� 3) ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? .������ 4) ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? .� ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????� 11- 6 ????? ???? ??? . ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? . ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? . ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? .��

40. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? . ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? . ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? . ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? 5 ??? ??? . ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????( 53%- 63%) . ?? ???? ???? ?? 33000- 2000??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? . ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? 410 � 350 ???? ??? ????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????

41. Lamprey Life Cycle Fortunately, only one year in the life of a sea lamprey is spent in parasitic feeding. They are unusual in having a complex life cycle, whereas most fish have a simple life cycle. A. Sea lampreys go through an extended larval phase before metamorphosing into the bloodsucking parasitic phase. Each summer and fall there is one group of parasitic sea lampreys actively feeding in the Great Lakes. B. The next spring, that group leaves the lake and migrates into tributary streams where they must build nests in clean gravel with flowing water. C. Each female spawns an average of 60,000 to 70,000 eggs.

42. Life Cycle Cont�d D. After hatch, the larvae drift downstream to areas with slower currents and sand/silt bottoms. There, they establish permanent burrows and enter a larval stage varying in duration from 3 to 10-ormore years. E. Larvae lack eyes and the oral disc. Living concealed in their burrows, they are harmless and filter microscopic material from the water for food. When they reach lengths of 120 mm or more, some individuals begin metamorphosis in mid summer. F. During metamorphosis they develop eyes, the oral disc, and changes in their kidneys that (in their native range) would allow them to enter the salt water of the Atlantic Ocean. That fall or the following spring, they instead enter the Great Lakes to feed parasitically on fish that summer and fall, and mature and spawn the next spring�completing their life cycle. Sea lampreys only spawn once and then die after spawning.

43. Sea Lamprey Lifecycle

44. Reproduction In the spring and early summer, adult sea lampreys ascend streams and rivers to spawn. The males construct depressions that serves as nests or redds along sandy bottoms with gravel or small stones. The female sea lamprey can lay from 30,000 to100,000 eggs and the male fertilizes them after which, both adults drift downstream and die.

45. Lamprey Reproduction Anadromous Also, have both reproductive organs but only one is functional Male creates nest with stones, and female spawns up to 124,000-260,000 eggs

46. Lamprey Nest

47. Habitat Anadromous: Migrating from salt water to spawn in fresh water. In its natural habitat, the sea lamprey lives in the open ocean. It migrates into freshwater to spawn.

48. Native Habitat Sea lampreys are native to the coastal regions of both sides of: North Atlantic Ocean, Labrador Canada to the Gulf of Mexico Florida on one side Norway (Iceland and the Barents Sea) Western Mediterranean Sea Northern Africa

49. Lamprey Control The sea lamprey is one of the few aquatic invasive species that is being successfully controlled. Control depends on breaking the life cycle. The first control efforts attempted to do that by blocking access to the spawning areas in streams. This was only partially successful because the weirs used to do this were impossible to maintain 100% of the time.

50. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ( Caspian lamprey ) ?? ??? ???? Caspiomyzon wagneri

51. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ( Caspian lamprey ) ?? ??? ???? Caspiomyzon wagneri ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? Caspiomyzon wagneri ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? . ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ???. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? S ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ????.. ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? 100 ??? ? 92/40 ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? 87 ??? ? 28/40 ????? ??? ???? ???. ?????? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? 47 ????? ??? ? 130 ??? ? ?? ???? ?? 5/43 ????? ??? ? 120 ??? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? (????? ? ???????) ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? (????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? 215000 ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 37 ??? ??? . ??? ??? 1 ??????? ??????? ???? ???? 22000-19000 ?? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???.

52. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? .... . ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ???. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? .??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? . ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? 6/0�4/0????? ????? ?? ????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? . ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? 80- 35 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???

53. Hagfish

54. Hagfish

55. Hagfish Feeding Habits Remarkable due to their lack of external features Feed on benthic invertebrates and scavenge on dead and dying fish Ventral mouth has tongue and 4 rows of keratin teeth

56. Hagfish

57. Hagfish

58. Mucus Have large numerous mucus pores Have 70 � 200 pairs of slime glands Mucus function is not completely understood The hagfish ties itself in an overhand knot to rid itself of the slime Leather made of �eel skin� are sometimes made from hagfish

60. Hagfish

61. ????? ??? ??? ???

62. Hagfish Reproduction Both ovaries and testes are present but only one is functional Female lays large sausage shaped (2-3cm.) eggs, numbering 20-30