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The Protozoans

The Protozoans. Ciliates Amoeboid Protozoans Flagellated Protozoans. Kingdom Protozoa. Defining Characteristics All are unicellular eukaryotes What is a prokaryote ? Many species are both heterotrophic and autotrophic simultaneously or at different stages of the lifecycle .

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The Protozoans

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  1. The Protozoans Ciliates Amoeboid Protozoans Flagellated Protozoans Kingdom Protozoa

  2. Kingdom Protozoa • Defining Characteristics • All are unicellular eukaryotes • What is a prokaryote? • Many species are both heterotrophic and autotrophic simultaneously or at different stages of the lifecycle Kingdom Protozoa

  3. Eukaryote Cell

  4. Prokaryote Cell

  5. Adaptability • Protozoans are ecologically important primary producers, consumers and as vital links in the food chain • Humans are greatly effected by parasitic protozoans either directly or indirectly • Effects range from irritating - fatal • Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) worldwide epidemic Kingdom Protozoa

  6. Reproduction • Asexual reproduction • Replication of chromosomes and the splitting of the parent into two or more parts • Binary fission • Multiple fission • Budding • Protozoans are problematic in their associations as colonial forms Kingdom Protozoa

  7. Asexual Reproduction Amoeba Flagellate Ciliate Kingdom Protozoa

  8. Classification Kingdom Protozoa Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates) The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid Protozoans) Phylum Foraminifera Phylum Radiozoa The Flagellated Protozoans Phytoflagellated protozoans Zooflagellated protozoans Kingdom Protozoa

  9. Paramecium feces Phylum Ciliophora • Defining characteristics • Body externally ciliated in at least some lifecycle stages • Have the highest degree of subcellular specialization and are considered advanced protozoans Kingdom Protozoa

  10. Cilia • Cilia • Hair-like structures by which the organism moves, collects food and senses their surroundings • Fastest of all the protozoans Cilia structure Kingdom Protozoa

  11. Ciliate Biology • Oral groove • Cytostome • Cytoproct • Contractile vacuole Paramecium

  12. Ciliate Lifestyles • 65% of all ciliate species are free-living and mobile • Some ciliates form colonial aggregations and have sessile habits • Other ciliates have symbiotic relationships in invertebrates and vertebrates Vorticella Kingdom Protozoa

  13. Contains 4 phyla: Foraminifera, Radiozoa, Amoebozoa, and Heliozoa Most reproduce asexually through binary fission Characterized by pseudopodia Food is usually captured by phagocytosis Body types range from free flowing to rigid with skeletal supports The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid Protozoans) Kingdom Protozoa

  14. Phagocytosis Kingdom Protozoa

  15. Amebas and Humans Kingdom Protozoa

  16. Phylum Foraminifera • Defining characteristics • Individuals secrete multi-chambered tests, generally made of calcium carbonate (CaCo3) Foram. tests Kingdom Protozoa

  17. Foraminiferans • Extremely abundant, most are benthic and marine • Feed on diatoms and algae, very slow movers • Organisms are extremely common and form ooze • White cliffs of Dover are foraminiferan tests Kingdom Protozoa

  18. Phylum Radiozoa • Defining characteristics • Body is divided into distinct zones separated by a perforated membrane or capsule • Have pseudopodia supported with thin microtubules that give a spiny rayed appearance Kingdom Protozoa

  19. Radiolarians • Have shells made of silicon dioxide that can be very intricate • Feed on diatoms and other phytoplankton • Benthic individuals move by use of pseudopodia • Can occur in large concentrations that form ooze as well Kingdom Protozoa

  20. The Flagellated Protozoans • Characterized by the possession of a definite body shape and the possession of one or more flagella • Most species are free-living and mobile Noctiluca Kingdom Protozoa

  21. Phytoflagellated Protozoans • Have chlorophyll and obtain energy directly from the sunlight • Some are strictly autotrophic or heterotrophic • Some are a combination of both • Both the Euglena and the dinoflagellates are examples of phytoflagellated protozoans Kingdom Protozoa

  22. Dinoflagellates • Know for bioluminescence and highly toxic red tides • Dense aggregations produce saxitoxin killing fish and crustaceans • Also contaminates shellfish causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning • Some benthic dinoflagellates produce a neurotoxin that accumulates in tropical fish called Ciguatera Kingdom Protozoa

  23. Phytoflagellated Protozoans Euglena Chlamydomonas Noctiluca Ceratium Kingdom Protozoa

  24. Zooflagellated Protozoans • Free-living forms • Most individuals are sessile and have a single flagellum that beats to obtain food and nutrients • Parasitic forms • 25% of zooflagellate spp. are parasitic in humans, invertebrates, and other vertebrates • Usually have complex lifecycles with intermediate hosts • Malaria is caused by the genus Plasmodium technically a member of the phylum Sporozoa Kingdom Protozoa

  25. Zooflagellated Protozoans Choanoflagellates Kingdom Protozoa

  26. Malaria (Plasmodium)

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