1. Moving Towards the Reformation Christianity in The Scandinavian Countries

2. Scandinavian Churches & State • Danish and Norwegian State Church • Church of Sweden separate from State • Approx. 85% of population as members

3. Christianity • 1000 AD Iceland – referendum! • 1250 AD End of Viking Age - Catholicism • 1537-44 AD Reformation • 1800 AD Records of previous centuries, stories, history

4. The Vikings • The Old Norse Gods (Odin, Thor etc.) • Ragnarok – the end of the World (Asgaard, Midgaard, Jotunheim) • Unreliable religion • The White Christ around 700 AD • RIP

5. Rich people Believed in the Gods Poor people Believed in spirits The Huldre – spirit from the mountains – hollow back! Rich and Poor

6. 673 – 735 AD Life is transient Liberation The Venerable Bede

7. Transitional Period • Both religions were followed • Pagan - Thor’s Hammer • Catholic - Cross

8. Danish Flag • Dannebrog • June 15, 1219 • Fell from the sky during a battle between Danes and Estonians • Missionaries

10. Vatican Christianity People’s Christianity Conflict

11. The Little Mermaid

12. The Woman in the Church

13. The Man and the Huldre

14. God loves Man Christ died for our sins Eternal Life Enjoy the World Change around 1250From AGAPE To EROS

15. Consequence of EROS • The Flagellants • “The Seventh Seal” • “Death in Bergamo”

16. Reformation 1536-37 • Catholic Church powerful • Martin Luther, Wittenberg 1517, • 95 Theses • Excommunicated • New Independent Church: Protestant • Change from EROS to AGAPE again • Divided Europe into Catholic South, Protestant North

17. Religion in Europe 1560 Lutheran Catholic Calvinist Anglican

18. Catholics EROS Control Rigid system of approaching God Protestant AGAPE Education Individual access to God Division

19. 1647-1707 Vicar Norway’s greatest 17th cent. Writer Everything is seen as God’s work of creation Petter Dass

20. Religion and Churches – then and now • Denmark and Norway – State Church • Sweden – separation of state and Church in 2000

21. Denmark • Jelling Stone – Harald Bluetooth (ca.1000 AD) • 2000 churches built 1050 - 1150 • Paintings - life of Christ and the saints

22. Church Decorations • Parish churches - pictures of the Old and New Testaments • Reformation (1537): whitewashing • Last 100 years: removal of whitewash • Here: Estruplund 1542 Denmark 2 Denmark 2

23. 400 churches with remains of medieval wallpaintings • Major art treasures • Here: Fresco from Skibby 1175 Denmark 3

24. Denmark 4Church of Denmark • Church of Denmark (State Church) - 88% of population • Evangelical Lutheran Church • Freedom of religion, speech and assembly • State support: moral, political, financial and administrative (church taxes, about 0.15%) • Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs and diocesan administration

25. Muslims Jews Roman Catholic Church Danish Baptist Church Pentecostal Churches Seventh Day Adventists Catholic Apostolic Church Reformed Churches Salvation Army Methodist Church Anglican Church Russian Orthodox Church Jehovah’s Witnesses Mormons 9 independent congregations of Grundvigian origin Denmark 5,Other Congregations

26. Primary civil registration of all citizens Baptism and naming (within a year) Confirmations (13½ yrs old) Weddings Funerals Church Books = genealogical documents Since 1969 - clerics of all other recognized communities perform legally valid weddings Denmark 6Functions of the Church

27. 12 dioceses 2000 clergy 2116 parishes The Folketing (Parliament) = legislative body The Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs = administrative body Otherwise, democratic Parish councils: clergy + members of the national church in the parish Decide the choice of clergy Denmark 7Organization of the church

28. Denmark 8Romanesque Churches • Romanesque dates from late 10th till 12th / 13 th Cent. Sædding Church (ca.1100).

29. Heavy Walls Small Windows Clear Organization Denmark 9Romanesque 2

30. Denmark 10Romanesque 3 • The architecture had only one fuction: a church service

31. Use of open timber roofs (as Storage places) Barrel /Tunnel, vault Denmark 11Romanesque 4

32. Denmark 12Romanesque 5 • Barrel Vault or Tunnel Vault • The simplest form of a vault, consisting of a continuous surface of semicircular or pointed sections. It resembles a barrel or tunnel which has been cut in half lengthwise

33. Denmark 13Romanesque 6 • Groin Vault: produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel /tunnel vaults

34. Denmark 14Romanesque 7 • Rib Vault: • a masonry vault with a relatively thin web and set within a framework of ribs

35. Denmark 14Gothic Churches • Originating in France • Spreading over western Europe 12th - 16th cent. • Design emphasizing skeleton construction • Taller, lighter • Keldby Church, 1275

36. Denmark 15Gothic 2 • Elimination of Wall Planes • Comparatively great height of building • Pointed Arch • Rib Vaulting • Rich outline of Exterior: towers, gables

37. Mørkøv Kirke, ca. 1450

38. Denmark 16 Gothic 4 • Flying Buttress: • A free-standing buttress attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the buttress

39. Denmark 17Gothic 5 • 15th and 16th centuries • Weaponhouse added. • Weapons were left before going into the church.

40. Denmark 18Gothic 6 • The Gable: • steps called Battlements. • Especially prominent in Gothic architecture.

41. Denmark 19Gothic 7 • Another prominent feature • Recesses used as ornamentation on the wall. • Might be whitewashed as here

42. Denmark 20Round Churches • A special type of church in Denmark were the Round Churches • 5 round churches in all, • 4 on Bornholm, • 1 on Funen

43. Denmark 21 Round Churches 2 • Østerlars Round Church - the largest of the 4 on Bornholm. • Built around 1150 • Fortified church • Dedicated to St.Lawrence. • Built of split granite boulders • 55 ft in diameter

44. Denmark 22Round Churches 3 • The church is constructed around a hollow central pillar • 6 arches leading into a small room • used for christenings.

45. Denmark 23The Cathedral of Aarhus • Construction began ca. 1200 • First church completed in Romanesque style ca.1300 • One of the oldest brick buildings in Denmark. • Burned down in 1330 • Reconstructed in Gothic Style ca. 1500

46. Denmark 24The Cathedral of Aarhus 2 • Longest church in Denmark: 305 ft long • 305 ft. Tall • Seats 1200 people • Dedicated to the patron saint of seafarers, St.Clemens

47. Denmark 25The Cathedral of Odense • Originally a wooden church where King Knud 2 (The Holy) (1040-86) was killed by rebellious peasants. • He was consecrated in 1101 and later buried in the new Gothic church

48. Denmark 26The Cathedral of Odense

49. Denmark 27The Cathedral of Roskilde • Construction of Romanesque Church began in 1170 under Bishop Absalon • 13th cent.: new construction in Gothic Style • The twin towers were added in the 14th cent.

50. Denmark 28The Cathedral of Roskilde • The famous last resting place for 38 kings and queens. • Modern day monarchy is also buried there.