1. DENTAL CROWNS

2. G.V. Black Caries Classification (class I to VI) Over 100 years ago, Dr. G.V. Black developed a system to categorize carious lesions based on the type of tooth affected and the location of the lesion . The six classes of carious lesions according to G.V Class I: Cavity in pits or fissures on the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars; facial and lingual surfaces of molars; lingual surfaces of maxillary incisors (Class I corresponds to surfaces of a posterior tooth you can clinically see—occlusal/lingual/buccal surfaces. Therefore, the interproximal surfaces are not classified as Class I) Class II: Cavity on proximal surfaces of premolars and molars (Class II corresponds to surfaces of a posterior tooth you cannot see clinically) Class III: Cavity on proximal surfaces of incisors and canines that do not involve the incisal angle (Class III corresponds to surfaces of an anterior tooth you cannot see clinically) Class IV: Cavity on proximal surfaces of incisors or canines that involve the incisal angle (Class IV lesion is the larger version of Class III that covers the incisal angle) Class V: Cavity on the cervical third of the facial or lingual surfaces of any tooth (Think of the neck of the tooth) Class VI: Cavity on incisal edges of anterior teeth and cusp tips of posterior teeth (Class VI corresponds to the very top surface of a tooth)

4. Caries classification according to severity The appearance of interproximal caries can be classified as incipient, moderate, advanced, or severe, depending on the amount of enamel and dentin involved in the caries process. Tips for memorization: Imagine a line halfway through the thickness of enamel, and a line halfway through the thickness of dentin. Those lines are the “STOP” points that determine the severity of the carious lesions. Incipient: Lesion that extends less than halfway through the enamel Moderate: Lesion that extends more than halfway through enamel but does not involve the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) Advanced: Lesion that extends to or through the DEJ but does not extend more than half the distance to the pulp Severe: Lesion that extends through enamel, through dentin, and more than half the distance to the pulp

5. Caries of the teeth The most prevalent concern connected with dental crowns is decay. Dental decay is caused mostly by poor oral hygiene following the placement of a dental crown. While the crown will remain intact, the tooth beneath/inside is still susceptible to decay and, if left untreated, can lead to additional issues such as gum disease.

6. Incorrect crown placement Another typical crown issue is poor crown placement over the problematic tooth. In certain situations, a poorly fitting crown will have an effect on your bite. When you clench your teeth, you may notice that your crown is uneven, resulting in a goofy bite that might cause discomfort in the future. Only a dentist can treat and resolve this issue. Furthermore, as previously said, incorrect crown placement can lead to germs sneaking in and harming the tooth, which can cause discomfort and necessitate costly repair work.

7. Failure of an implant Under specific conditions, like as an accident or damage to the tooth, implants might get dislodged and shatter. Crowns can also become loose as a result of consuming specific foods, such as hard nuts, candies, and chocolate. It is critical that you avoid certain meals for two weeks following your implant to ensure that your crown has had enough time to adhere to your natural tooth.

8. Teeth that are sensitive It is not unusual for your tooth or teeth to feel sensitive following your dental crown operation. You may discover that consuming specific meals and the temperature of food and drink impacts your tooth sensitivity.

9. Full dentures are detachable devices that replace lost teeth and consist of both upper and lower sets. When you lose all of your teeth, full dentures may be required. They may help fill out your look and make you feel more confidence to smile.Denture glue can also help secure your dentures and prevent food particles from becoming trapped under the denture, which can cause pain.

10. Partial dentures Upper and/or lower partial dentures are designed to fill the gap created by missing teeth. Partials can be unclipped and removed when needed, helping you feel more confident if you’re missing a small number of teeth. 

11. Flexible dentures Flexible dentures are a kind of partial denture, but they are made of different materials from ordinary partial dentures. Most flexible dentures are made of a thin thermoplastic such as nylon, compared to the thicker, more rigid acrylic used in full dentures. Implants Implant-supported fixed dentures Fixed bridge Snap-on dentures

12. fixed bridge A fixed bridge is used to replace missing teeth by surgically cementing an artificial tooth, known as a crown, to the remaining natural teeth on each side. Like all surgically fixed dentures—including implants, implant–supported dentures, and snap-on dentures—fixed bridges tend to cost more than removable dentures. Cantilever bridge A cantilever bridge is recommended when a molar is missing and there are no teeth on 1 side of it to support the bridge. One or more teeth on the other side are instead used for support. Implants Dental implants mimic the roots of your teeth. They are surgically placed into the bone and fuse with it over time for a natural fit. The implants are then “loaded” with a prosthetic, either immediately after surgery or within 6 months. Implant-supported fixed dentures Implant-supported fixed dentures feature a crown that is secured to surgically inserted implants in your jawbone. It is then fixed in place with screws. Snap-on dentures Snap-on dentures are removable crowns that snap on and off of surgically inserted implants in your jawbone. They fasten securely so you can chew the foods you love without worrying about your dentures coming loose.

13. Preparing the tooth for crown placement begins with the removal of decay and existing fillings. A root canal operation may be required to remove contaminated root tissue. They are created to appear and feel exactly like an original tooth using imprints of the patient's teeth. They must be changed if they are broken or if decay reinfects the tooth. Over time, simple wear and tear can degrade the condition of a crown.

14. Gold crowns Gold crowns are in fact a combination of copper and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. The main advantage of gold crowns is their strength and durability. Main ADVANTAGES of gold crowns: They are strong and highly resistant They last a long time if properly cared for Less proportion of your natural tooth needs to be removed Main DISADVANTAGES of gold crowns: Poor aesthetics: They obviously don’t look like a natural tooth Gold alloy crowns can affect some people and produce some side effects such as allergic reactions or swelling22

15. All Porcelain Crowns This is definitely the most popular type of crown used nowadays. They are entirely made of porcelain material. Some ADVANTAGES are: Porcelain or ceramic crowns provide the best and most natural look. They match your surrounding teeth in shape, size, and color. The best option for front teeth restorations. They are biocompatible: that means no metal is used, so they are toxic-free. However, the main DISADVANTAGES of porcelain crowns are: They are not as strong as metal crowns. Porcelain crowns can last a long time, but they have to be well taken They may be more costly than other types of crowns, such as metal crowns.

16. Porcelain Fused-to-Metal Crowns (PFM) Porcelain fused-to-metal (PFM) crowns are another widely used type of dental crowns. They provide both strength (due to their metal structure) and aesthetics (due to the porcelain coat that covers the cap). Types-of-Dental-Crowns-porcelain-fused-to-metalThe main ADVANTAGES of PFM crowns are: They provide great aesthetics and durability They’ve been around for over 50 years. We know they work well. They are less costly than all porcelain crowns However, the DISADVANTAGES of PFMs include: The metal in these crowns may cause a grey line at the gumline. This may not give the 100% aesthetic look that all porcelain crowns provide. For people who clench their teeth, this type of crown may wear down more easily against the opposing teeth.

17. 4. Zirconia Crowns Zirconium is a relatively new material that combines the strength of metal with the aesthetics of porcelain crowns. High translucent zirconia and layered zirconia crowns have become a more popular choice lately. types-of-crowns-zirconiaThe main ADVANTAGES of zirconia crowns are: They provide great aesthetics They are strong and long-lasting (less possibilities of chipping or breaking). The process can be less time consuming because zirconia can be cut and shaped at the same dental office. There’s no need to send them over to a dental lab. Zirconia Crowns are less likely to wear down due to their strength. They are biocompatible: as metal free crowns, they are not likely to cause allergic reactions. The main DISADVANTAGES of Zirconia Crowns include: Their strength can make the teeth they bite against wear down easily. Solid Zirconia can be difficult to adjust

18. - MAX: Lithium Disilicate Crowns dental-crown-type-emaxThe newest type of crown in dentistry today is known as E -Max. It is a type of all-ceramic crown made of lithium disilicate (which is also light and thin). The main ADVANTAGES of E-max crowns are: Great aesthetics. They look great in your mouth. They can be durable and very strong. They provide a great choice both for front and back teeth. The main DISADVANTAGES of E-Max Crowns include: They could be more expensive, especially to the dentist (who may or may not transfer that cost to you) Some dental professionals have reported failures using E-Max for posterior teeth, especially when doing multiple units.

19. Tightly attach tissues of the teeth in and around its neck (tightly cover the tooth's neck); Artificial crown must restore occlusion of teeth, not increase or reduce vertical dimension, and not block all forms of occlusion jaws movements; The crown's length must not surpass the depth of the gingival sulcus (0,3-0,5mm), and the edge's thickness must not exceed the volume of the gingival sulcus. 4. The artificial crown must restore anatomical shape and contact sites with neighboring teeth; 5. The artificial crown must maintain aesthetic rates.