America Claims an Empire

1. CHAPTER America Claims an Empire 18 Overview Time Lines 1 Imperialism and America SECTION 2 The Spanish-American-Cuban War SECTION 3 Acquiring New Lands SECTION 4 America as a World Power SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. Science and Technology THEMES IN CHAPTER 18 Constitutional Concerns CHAPTER America Claims an Empire 18 HOME “In the field of trade and commerce, we shall be the keen competitors of the richest and greatest powers, and . . . we shall bring the sweat to their brows.” Secretary of State John Hay, 1899

3. What do you know? • How would you react if the United States took over another country? If you oppose it under any circumstances, why? If you think it might be all right under certain circumstances, what would they be? CHAPTER America Claims an Empire 18 HOME “In the field of trade and commerce, we shall be the keen competitors of the richest and greatest powers, and . . . we shall bring the sweat to their brows.” Secretary of State John Hay, 1899

4. 1898 The U.S.S. Maine explodes and sinks.Spanish-American-Cuban War is fought. 1899John Hay issues first Open Door notes, calling for equal trading opportunities in China. The United States annexes the Philippine Islands. 1914Panama Canal opens. U.S. troops invade Mexico. 1893Hawaiian revolution overthrows Queen Liliuokalani. CHAPTER Time Line 18 HOME The United States

5. Learn About economic and cultural factors that shaped American foreign policy at the turn of the century. To Understand why the United States became an imperial power. SECTION 1 Imperialism and America HOME

6. SECTION 1 Imperialism and America HOME Key Idea Economic and cultural factors convince U.S. policymakers to join the competition for new markets in territories overseas, including Hawaii.

7. Section 1 Imperialism and America • Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories • Three factors fueled the new American Imperialism • 1. Desire for military strength • 2. Thirst for new markets • 3. Belief in cultural superiority

9. American Imperialism: 3 Factors • 1. Desire for Military Strength • Alfred Mahan: Admiral of the US Navy • Construction of modern battleships turned the US Navy into the third largest Navy in the world • 2. Thirst for New Markets • Advances in technology enabled American farms and factories to produce far more than American citizens could consume • Need New Markets • 3. Belief in Cultural Superiority • Social Darwinism: a belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest • Mindset that American culture was best in the world

11. The United States Acquires Alaska • William Seward: Secretary of State • Arranged for the US to buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867 • In 1959 Alaska became the 49th state • For about 2 cents an acre the US acquired a land rich in timber, minerals, and oil • Protection from Russia

13. The United States Takes Hawaii • The Hawaiian islands important to the US because it was a stopping point for ships to refuel • In 1875 the US agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free • Over the next 15 years sugar production increased 9X • McKinley Tariff of 1890: eliminated the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar • American planters in Hawaii wanted to be annexed in as a state • Pearl Harbor: 1887 the US built a naval base

15. The End of a Monarchy…Hawaii • Queen Lil came to power in 1891 after the death of her husband • She wanted to reestablish Hawaii for native Hawaiians • Business groups organized a revolt against Queen Lil • With the help of the marines they overthrew Queen Lil and set up a government led by Sanford Dole • President Cleveland did not favor annexation of Hawaii • Annex: to incorporate territory into an existing country or state • President McKinley favored annexation and in 1898 Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory • In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th state

17. Political & military rivalry with other imperialist powers. POLITICAL Construction of a modern naval fleet. Foreign trade as the solution to overproduction, unemployment, and economic depression. Combining the philosophies of Social Darwinism with Anglo-Saxon superiority. ECONOMIC CULTURAL Economic competition among industrial nations. Missionary impulse to spread Christianity. SECTION 1 Imperialism and America HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What are some of the key events and concepts that illustrate the roots of U.S. imperialism? ROOTS OF U.S. IMPERIALISM

18. DEVELOPING HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE To what extent might the mid-19th century belief in manifest destiny have set the stage for the new American imperialism at the end of the century? THINK ABOUT • why westward expansion might inspire overseas expansion • justifications for imperialism • Senator Beveridge’s remark, “Fate has written our policy for us . . .” SECTION 1 Imperialism and America HOME 1 Section Assessment

19. SYNTHESIZING Why did the United States want to annex Hawaii? SECTION 1 Imperialism and America HOME 1 Section Assessment

20. Learn About the causes and course of the Spanish-American-Cuban War. To Understand how and why the United States gained control of Spain’s former colonial possessions. SECTION 2 The Spanish-American-Cuban War HOME

21. SECTION 2 The Spanish-American-Cuban War HOME Key Idea The United States goes to war with Spain over Cuban independence and emerges with colonies in Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands.

23. Section 2: The Spanish American War • Cubans Rebel Against Spain • The first war for independence failed • America had an interest in buying Cuba (Sugar)…Spain wanted no part in selling • The Second war for independence • Jose Marti: a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York…launched a revolution in 1895 • Guerrilla warfare: military force that harasses the enemy

24. War Fever Escalates • 1896 Spain sent General Weyler to Cuba to restore order • Herded civilians into barbed wire concentration camps…est 300,000 died • Yellow Journalism: exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers • The De Lome Letter: Spanish minister to the US • Letter criticized President McKinley…makes American public mad • New York Journal published the letter…looking for controversy

26. War Fever Escalates Cont… • The U.S.S. Maine Explodes • Happened a few days after the publication of the De Lome letter • U.S.S. Maine was sent to Cuba by McKinley to bring home American citizens • February 15, 1898 the ship blew up killing more than 260 men • To this day no one knows what happened • American newspapers claimed it was Spain

28. War with Spain Erupts • April 20, 1898 America declared war on Spain • Spain did not want war…agreed to everything the US wanted including a six month cease fire • The War in the Philippines: Spain thought American would invade Cuba • George Dewey defeats the Spanish fleet at Manila: capital of Philippines • With the help of the Filipino rebels the US forced Spanish troops to surrender in Manila

29. War With Spain Cont… • The war in the Caribbean • Admiral Sampson effectively blocked the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba • Dewey’s victory demonstrated US’s superior Navy • Rough Riders: a volunteer cavalry under the command of Theodore Roosevelt • San Juan Hill: most famous land battle in Cuba • Rough Riders lead the way to victory and the newspapers declared Roosevelt a hero • Two days later the Spanish tried to break the blockade…Naval battle that followed ended in destruction of the Spanish fleet

32. Treaty of Paris • United States and Spain signed an armistice: a cease fire agreement on August 12, 1898 • Fighting only lasted 16 weeks • Treaty of Paris: December 10, 1898 US and Spain met in Paris to agree on a treaty • Spain freed Cuba • Tuned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the US • Spain sold the Philippines to the US for 20 million

34. DATE NEWSPAPER HEADLINES April 20, 1898 May 1, 1898 July 25, 1898 August 12, 1898 February 6, 1899 SECTION 2 The Spanish-American-Cuban War HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What newspaper headlines would explain the significance of the following dates related to the Spanish-American-Cuban War? February 15, 1898 Battleship Maine Mysteriously Explodes and Sinks Near Cuban Coast; Over 260 Americans Die U.S. Goes to War with Spain Admiral Dewey Streams into Manila Bay and Destroys Spanish Fleet U.S. Troops Invade Puerto Rico War Over! U.S. and Spain Sign Armistice Senate Passes Treaty of Paris

35. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS What do you think were the unstated editorial policies of the yellow press? THINK ABOUT • journalist James Creelman’s account of Spanish atrocities against Cubans on page 530 • why Hearst reportedly said to Remington, “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” • the Journal’s headline about the explosion of the battleshipMaine SECTION 2 The Spanish-American-Cuban War HOME 2 Section Assessment

36. FORMING OPINIONS If you were a member of the 1898 Congress, would you have voted to declare war on Spain? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • events that fueled the U.S. conflict with Spain • the public’s opinion of the war • the success of McKinley’s diplomatic measures in resolving the crisis • the debate in Congress before the declaration of war SECTION 2 The Spanish-American-Cuban War HOME 2 Section Assessment

37. Learn About U.S. relations with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. To Understand how American imperialism developed across the globe. SECTION 3 Acquiring New Lands HOME

38. SECTION 3 Acquiring New Lands HOME Key Idea The United States encounters continuing conflict in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, as well as in its attempt to expand trade with China.

39. Section 3: Acquiring New Lands • Ruling Puerto Rico • Puerto Rico was important to the US for two reasons • 1. Maintaining a presence in the Caribbean • 2. Protecting a future canal to be built across the Isthmus of Panama • In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act: ended military rule and set up a civil government

41. Cuba and the United States • Teller Amendment: Stated that the US had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba • Platt Amendment: The US insisted that Cuba add to its Constitution • Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory • The US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba • Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not repay • The US could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations • Protectorate: a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power

42. Filipinos Rebel • Emilio Aguinaldo: rebel leader • Believed the US had promised independence • The Philippine-American War • Aguinaldo used guerrilla tactics • The US forced Filipinos to live in designated zones…poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed thousands • Took US three years to put down the revolt • Cost $400 million…20x the price to buy the islands • Philippines finally became an independent republic on July 4, 1946

44. Foreign Influence in China • John Hay: US Secretary of State in 1899 who introduced a series of policy statements regarding American interest in China known as the Open Door notes • Open Door Notes: Letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the US, thus creating an open door • This meant that no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China

45. Foreign Influence in China cont… • The Boxer Rebellion in China: • Boxer: Chinese secret societies that pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils” • Named by Westerners b/c members practices martial arts • In 1900 troops from Britain, France, Germany, US marched on the Chinese capital…within two months the Boxer rebellion was put down

47. Protecting American Rights • John Hay…2nd series of Open Door notes • US would safeguard for the world the principal of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire • Open Door policy reflected three deeply held American beliefs • 1. Growth of US economy depended on exports • 2. US had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open • 3. Feared that the closing of an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened US survival

48. The Impact of US Territorial Gains • In 1900 McKinley reelected for a second term…shows that America agreed with Imperialism policies • Anti-Imperialist League developed • Prominent Americans such as former Pres. Cleveland, industrial leader Andrew Carnegie, social worker Jane Addams novelist Mark Twain • In the early 20th century the US under Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson would continue to exert its power around the globe

49. 1899 Aguinaldo’s armed revolt sparks Philippine-American War. 1901 Platt Amendment authorizes U.S. intervention in Cuba. 1917Congress grants U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans. 1900Foraker Act denies U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans and gives the U.S. president partial control over their government. McKinley is reelected as president. SECTION 3 Acquiring New Lands HOME 3 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What key events related to U.S. relations with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines occurred between 1899 and 1917?

50. ANALYZING ISSUES How did U.S. foreign policy at the turn of the century affect actions taken by the United States toward China? THINK ABOUT • why the United States wanted access to China’s markets • the purpose of the Open Door notes SECTION 3 Acquiring New Lands HOME 33 Section Assessment