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Based on A Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 5 Processors and Chipsets

A Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e. 2. Objectives students will be able to. Explain how a processor worksDetermine which of the many different processors to select for different scenariosDescribe the function, structure and operation of a chipsetDetail how processors can be kept co

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Based on A Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 5 Processors and Chipsets

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    1. Based on A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 5 Processors and Chipsets

    2. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 2 Objectives students will be able to… Explain how a processor works Determine which of the many different processors to select for different scenarios Describe the function, structure and operation of a chipset Detail how processors can be kept cool Describe how to install and upgrade a processor

    3. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 3 Introduction The processor and chipset Most important components on the motherboard The processor is a field replaceable unit FRU The chipset is embedded in the motherboard Key skills to learn: Making wise purchase decisions Installing and upgrading a processor

    4. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 4 Sections Section One – How Processors Work Section Two – Intel and AMD Processors Section Three – Processor Packages Section Four - The Chipset Section Five – Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans Section Six – Installing a Processor

    5. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 5 Processors Processor & chipset located on motherboard Determine power and features of system Major manufacturers: Intel, AMD, and Cyrix Factors used to rate processors: System bus speeds supported Processor core frequency in gigahertz Word size and data path Multiprocessing ability and processor specific memory Efficiency and functionality of programming code Type of RAM, motherboard, and chipset supported

    6. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 6 How a Processor Works Three basic components: Input/output (I/O) unit Control unit One or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs) Registers: high-speed memory used by ALU during processing Internal cache: holds data to be processed by ALU

    7. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 7 How a Processor Works Two types of buses: FSB External (front-side) bus: data portion is 64 bits wide BSB Internal (back-side) bus: data portion is 32 bits wide

    8. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 8

    9. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 9 How a Processor Works (continued) System bus (FSB) frequency or speed 1066 MHz, 800 MHz, 533 MHz, 400 MHz, 200 MHz, 133 MHz, 100 MHz FSB faster than other buses on motherboard Processor frequency or speed Speed of internal operations; e.g., 3.2 GHz System bus frequency x multiplier = processor frequency 800 MHz x 4 = 3.2 GHz Multiplier set by jumpers or in CMOS

    10. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 10 How a Processor Works (continued) Data Path Size Data path is the path over which data travels external to the processor Today data path is 64 bits wide Word Size Data path inside the processor Number of bits processed in one operation Pentium uses 2 32-bit internal data paths Itanium and AMD Athlon have a 64-bit Word Size

    11. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 11 How a Processor Works (continued) 3 ways to improve performance by processing more than one thing at a time Multiprocessing Multiprocessor platform Dual-core processing

    12. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 12 How a Processor Works (continued) Multiprocessing Processor contains more than one ALU Pentium has 2 ALUs with BSB of 32 bits and FSB of 64 bits More than one instruction can be performed at the same time

    13. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 13 How a Processor Works (continued) Multiprocessor platform More than one processor on the motherboard Motherboard must be designed to work with more than one processor Processors must be designed to work on multiple processor platform Xenon MP is such a processor

    14. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 14 How a Processor Works (continued) Dual-core processing Processor housing contains two processors operating at the same frequency but independent of each other Share FSB Processors share system bus Have separate independent internal caches

    15. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 15

    16. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 16 How a Processor Works (continued) Memory cache Uses static RAM (SRAM) instead of dynamic RAM (DRAM) SRAM holds data as long as power is on without refreshing SRAM is faster and more expensive than DRAM

    17. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 17 How a Processor Works (continued) Memory cache L1 cache is on the processor chip – on the die a.k.a. primary cache or Level 1 cache L2 cache is external to the processor chip It may be inside the processor housing on the motherboard on older systems Pentium Pro first to have L2 cache in the housing L3 cache either on motherboard when L2 cache in housing or in housing such as with the Itanium

    18. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 18 How a Processor Works (continued) Memory cache on motherboard L2 or L3 cache COAST - cache on a stick

    19. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 19

    20. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 20 How a Processor Works (continued) Instruction set: microcode used for basic operations Three types of instruction sets: Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) Complex instruction set computing (CISC) Explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) Itanium

    21. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 21 The Intel Processors Early model numbers: 8088, 8086, 80286 (286), 80386 (386), 80486 (486) New three-digit processor numbers: Pentium processors: 5xx, 6xx, 8xx, 9xx 3-digit number used to distinguish processors The higher the last 2 digits (xx) in a family, the better the processor Celeron processors: 3xx Pentium M processors: 7xx

    22. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 22 The Intel Processors Overview of the Pentium family of processors Two ALUs are used for multiprocessing 64-bit external path size and two 32-bit internal paths Eight types of Pentium processors; e.g., Pentium 4 Celeron and Xeon are offshoots from Pentium family

    23. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 23 The Intel Processors Eight types of Pentium processors Classic Pentium* no longer sold Pentium MMX* no longer sold Pentium Pro* no longer sold Pentium II* no longer sold Xeon Celeron Pentium III* no longer sold Pentium 4

    24. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 24 The Intel Processors (continued) Celeron Low-end Pentium Uses a 478-pin socket or a 775-land socket Uses Level 2 cache within processor housing Pentium 4 Runs at up to 3.8 GHz Later versions use Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology

    25. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 25 The Intel Processors (continued) Mobile Pentium Processors Low-end Pentium Centrino: integrated component with Pentium M processor, chip set and wireless LAN Xeon Originally 32-bit processors Newer Xeon 64-bit and no longer considered part of the Pentium family Dual core and use Hyper-Threading

    26. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 26 The Intel Processors (continued) Itanium Processors 64-bit processors Do not use Hyper-Threading Use EPIC Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing 128-bit Data Path

    27. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 27 The AMD Processors Older Processors Model Compatible with AMD-K6-2 Pentium II, Celeron AMD-K6-III Pentium II Duron Celeron Athlon Pentium III Athlon Model 4 Pentium III

    28. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 28 The AMD Processors (continued) Current Processors Athlon 64 X2 Dual-core Athlon 64 FX Athlon 64 Athlon XP Sempron (comparable to the Celeron) Athlon MP and Opteron (high end use) Turion 64 (notebook)

    29. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 29 VIA and Cyrix Processors Model Compatible with Cyrix M II Pentium II, Celeron Cyrix III Celeron, Pentium III VIA C3 Celeron VIA now concentrating on processors for personal electronics and embedded device market

    30. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 30

    31. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 31 The Intel Processors (continued) Some mobile Pentium processors Pentium M, Mobile Pentium 4, and Celeron M Xeon processors Use HT Technology and dual-core processing Designed for servers and high-end workstations The Itaniums Utilize EPIC, a newer instruction set than CISC External data path is 128 bits L1 cache on processor die, L2 and L3 cache on board

    32. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 32

    33. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 33 AMD Processors Manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc Geared to 64-bit desktop and mobile processors Older AMD processors Use motherboards not compatible with Intel processors Earlier processors used a 321-pin socket Current AMD processors For desktops: Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core, Athlon 64 FX For servers: Athlon MP, Opteron For notebooks: Turion 64 Mobile, Mobile Athlon 64

    34. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 34

    35. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 35 VIA and Cyrix Processors Use same sockets as earlier Pentium processors Target: personal electronics and embedded devices Three processors: VIA C3: comes in EBGA and nanoBGA packages VIA C7: for electronic devices, home theater, desktops VIA C7-M: designed for ultrasmall notebooks

    36. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 36 Processor Packages Processor package: provides processor housing Flat and thin processor packages Cartridge processor packages

    37. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 37 Processor Packages Flat and thin processor packages Lay flat in a socket on motherboard Connectors can be pins or lands (newer) Intel example: PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array) AMD example: CPGA (Ceramic Pin Grid Array)

    38. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 38 Processor Packages Flat and thin processor packages PGA – Pin Grid Array pins on bottom of chip that fit into holes on the motherboard LGA – Land Grid Array pads on bottom of chip that touch pins on the motherboard

    39. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 39 Processor Packages Cartridge processor packages Can be installed on a slot or lay flat in a socket Intel example: SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge) Stands in slot 1 on the motherboard

    40. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 40 Processor Sockets and Slots Used to connect the processor to the motherboard Motherboard type must match processor package

    41. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 41 Processor Sockets and Slots Types of sockets Sockets are built around pin grid or land grid arrays PGA – Pin Grid Array SPGA – Staggered Pin Grid Array LGA – Land Grid Array DIP – Dual Inline Package LIF – Low Insertion Force ZIF – Zero Insertion Force

    42. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 42

    43. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 43 Processor Sockets and Slots Types of slots Packages fit into slots like expansion cards Designated slots: Slot 1, Slot A, and Slot 2 New processor packages use sockets, not slots Slocket: adapts Slot 1 to processor requiring a socket

    44. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 44

    45. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 45 The Chipset Set of chips on the motherboard Controls memory cache, external buses, peripherals Intel dominates the market for chipsets Example: i800 series of chipsets

    46. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 46 The Chipset Intel 800 series Accelerated Hub Architecture All I/O buses connect to a hub interface The hub connects to the system bus North Bridge: contains graphics and memory controller South Bridge: contains I/O controller hub Each bridge is controlled by a separate chipset

    47. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 47

    48. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 48 The Chipset North Bridge Fast end of the hub Contains graphics and memory controller hub Connects to the system bus South Bridge Slow end of the hub Contains the I/O controller hub

    49. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 49 Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans Cooling assembly should keep temperatures below 185° F (85° C) Target temperature range: 90° - 100° F One or more fans are needed to meet cooling needs

    50. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 50 Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans Cooling fan sits on top of processor with wire or clip Heat sink: clip-on device pulling heat from processor Cooler: combination of heat sink and cooling fan

    51. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 51

    52. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 52

    53. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 53 Installing a Processor Types of installation technicians are asked to perform: Assemble a PC from parts Exchange a processor that is faulty Add a second processor to a dual-processor system Upgrade an existing processor to improve performance

    54. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 54 Installing a Processor Motherboard documentation lists suitable processors Some processor features to consider: The core frequency and supported bus speeds Multiprocessing capabilities An appropriate cooler

    55. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 55 Voltage to the Processor Earlier processors drew power from system bus lines Newer motherboards may have a power connector Modern motherboards regulate voltage to socket

    56. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 56 Voltage to the Processor Sockets were more universal for older processors Processor may fit socket, but not get correct voltage Ensure that motherboard supports older processor

    57. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 57 Voltage to the Processor Dual-voltage processor Voltages for internal and external operations differ Single-voltage processor: requires only one voltage

    58. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 58

    59. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 59 CPU Voltage Regulator Voltages could be set on some older motherboards enabling them to support various CPUs Ways to configure voltage on older motherboards Set jumpers to configure voltage to processor Use a voltage regulator module (VRM) A VRM can be embedded or installed with upgrade

    60. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 60 Installing in a Slot Summary of seven installation steps: 1. Unfold the universal retention mechanism 2. Determine how the cooling assembly lines up 3. Fit the heat sink on the side of the SECC 4. Secure the cooling assembly to the SECC 5. Insert cooler and SECC into supporting arms 6. Lock the SECC into position 7. Connect power cord from fan to power connection

    61. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 61

    62. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 62 Installing in a Socket Summary of six installation steps: 1. Lift ZIF socket lever 2. Install processor in socket, lower lever 3. Place some thermal compound on processor 4. Attach cooling assembly to retention mechanism 5. Push down clip levers on top of processor fan 6. Connect power cord from fan to power connection

    63. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 63

    64. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 64

    65. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 65

    66. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 66 Summary Basic CPU components: I/O unit, control unit, ALUs Registers: high speed memory used by ALU in current processing Internal cache: holds frequently used instructions

    67. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 67 Summary Types of buses in CPU: internal and external (system) Standard Intel Pentium features: two ALUs, 64-bit external path size and two 32-bit internal paths

    68. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 68 Summary (continued) Processors are housed inside a processor package Processors fit into slots or sockets in the motherboard The chipset controls memory cache, external buses and some peripherals

    69. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 69 Summary (continued) A cooler comprises a cooling fan and a heat sink A voltage regulator module (VRM) controls the amount of voltage to a processor

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