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Lab Activity 1

Lab Activity 1. Language of Anatomy Martini Chapter 1. Portland Community College BI 231. Anatomy. Gross anatomy : the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope) Microscopic anatomy: Cytology : Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells

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Lab Activity 1

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  1. Lab Activity 1 Language of Anatomy Martini Chapter 1 Portland Community College BI 231

  2. Anatomy • Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope) • Microscopic anatomy: • Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells • Histology: examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function.

  3. Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body Anatomical Position

  4. Anterior Landmarks

  5. PosteriorLandmarks

  6. Anatomical Locations • Abdominal: abdominal region • Acromial: the point of the shoulder • Antebrachial: forearm • Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow • Axillary: armpit • Brachial: upper arm • Buccal: cheek of the face • Calcaneal: heel of the foot • Carpal: wrist • Cephalic: head

  7. Anatomical Locations • Cervical: neck • Deltoid: round part of the shoulder • Digital: fingers and toes • Dorsum: back • Femoral: thigh • Frontal: forehead • Gluteal: buttocks • Hallux: big toe • Inguinal: groin • Lumbar: lower back • Mammary: breast

  8. Anatomical Locations • Mental: chin • Nasal: Nose • Occipital: base of the skull • Olecranal: elbow • Oral: mouth • Orbital: bony eye socket • Otic: ear • Palmar: palm of hand • Patellar: Kneecap • Pedal: Foot

  9. Anatomical Locations • Pelvic: pelvis region • Perineal: area between anus and external genitals • Plantar: sole of foot • Pollex: thumb • Popliteal: behind the knee • Pubic: genital region • Sacral: lower back between the hips • Scapular: shoulder blade • Tarsal: ankle • Thoracic: chest • Vertebral: spine

  10. These are relative positions Proximal/distal Used to describe locations on the arms and legs GI tract Medial/lateral Medial is closer to the midline Farther away from the midline Body Orientationand Direction

  11. Dorsal: Back Ventral: Front Superior or Cephalad is toward the head Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet Anterior: most forward Posterior: toward the backside Body Orientation and Direction

  12. Planes of the Body

  13. Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system Contains Brain and Spinal Cord Dorsal Body Cavity

  14. Thoracic Cavity Heart & Lungs Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities Lower border is the diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Stomach, Liver, Intestines Pelvic Cavity Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum Cavities

  15. Serous Membranes • Serous Membranes have two layers • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae

  16. Serous Membranes

  17. Serous Membranes of the Heart

  18. RUQ Liver LUQ Spleen RLQ Appendix LLQ Sigmoid colon Quadrants

  19. Abdominopelvic Regions

  20. Lab Activity 2 Organ Systems Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10

  21. Integumentary System • Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands • Function: • Forms external body covering • Protects deeper tissues from injury • Involved in vitamin D synthesis • Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry • Site of pain and pressure receptors

  22. Skeletal System • Structure: 206 bones of the human body • Function: • Protects and supports body organs • Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement • Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) • Mineral storage • Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

  23. Muscular System • Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body • Function: • Locomotion • Manipulation of the environment • Maintaining posture • Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

  24. Nervous System • Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. • Function: • Fast-acting control system of the body • Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity • Information Assessment

  25. Endocrine System • Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands • Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart • Functions: • Long-term control system of the body • Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

  26. Cardiovascular System • Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) • Functions: • The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. • Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

  27. Lymphatic/Immune System • Structures: • Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow • Functions: • Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream • Disposal of debris • Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms) • Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

  28. Respiratory System • Structures: • Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Functions: • Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2 • Regulate blood pH

  29. Digestive System • Structures: • Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder • Functions: • Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

  30. Urinary System • Structures: • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Functions: • Removal of nitrogenous wastes • Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity

  31. Reproductive System • Structures: • Male: • Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis • Female: • Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands • Functions: • Making Babies

  32. Lab Activity 3 The Microscope

  33. Care of the Microscope • When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base • Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES. • Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. • Use fine focus only for adjustment • Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens • Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations

  34. Putting Microscope Away • Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place • Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position • Move stage to the lowest position • Turn down light brightness • Turn off power • Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed • Wrap the cord neatly around the base • Lock the cabinet

  35. The End The End

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