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Nonviolent Crime and Criminals

Nonviolent Crime and Criminals. Chapter 6. Substance Related Crimes and Criminals. Introduction. Crimes committed to gain access to narcotics Crimes committed to resolve drug related disputes Behavioral reaction to mind altering influence of drugs Loss of control

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Nonviolent Crime and Criminals

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  1. Nonviolent Crime and Criminals Chapter 6

  2. Substance Related Crimes and Criminals

  3. Introduction • Crimes committed to gain access to narcotics • Crimes committed to resolve drug related disputes • Behavioral reaction to mind altering influence of drugs • Loss of control • Increased sense of grandiosity • Uncontrollable conduct stimulated

  4. Drug Related Crimes and Criminals • Definition of substance abuse • Risk Factors affecting connection between drug use and crime • Pharmacological effects • Violence associated with drug use • Drugs effect brain function and perception • Economic effects • Violent and nonviolent crimes committed to obtain illegal substances • Crimes committed to maintain dependence and avoid withdrawal • Systematic connection • One involved in selling drugs seeks justice for unpaid debts

  5. Drug Related Crimes and Criminals • Drug crime relationship explanations and treatment • Non causal, epiphenomenal • Drugs don’t cause crime and crime doesn’t cause drug use • Treat through psychoanalytic/behavioral therapy • Unidirectional • Crime caused drug use and drug use causes crime • Treat through twelve step programs • Bi-directional • Drugs and crime are causes and effects of one another • Treat by establishing therapeutic communities

  6. Drug Related Crimes and Criminals • Walter’s integrated model • Incentive and opportunity • Established through fear – fear of rejection by drug using peer group • Fear manifests when exposure to drug culture is great • Associations with others • Drawn to life of crime/drug use through dispositional/situational factors • Personality characteristics of individual • Individual expectations of drug use • Quality of associations in drug culture

  7. Drug Related Crimes and Criminals • Walter’s integrated model cont. • Initiation and maintenance of criminal lifestyle • Predisposing variables – already at risk for drug involvement • Family history of drug use • Pre-existing tendency to act impulsively/aggressively • Precipitating variables – introduction to drug use lifestyle • Peer or intimate introduction • Experience with economic rewards • Maintenance variable – encouragement of sustained involvement • Ready source of income and/or recreational activity

  8. Alcohol Related Crimes and Criminals • Personality traits correlated to criminal behavior while intoxicated • Sensation seekers • Risk takers • Impulsivity • Low self esteem • Low self efficacy • aggression • Alcohol intoxication and behavioral changes • Increased aggression • Higher risk taking – especially in men • Willingness to drive while intoxicated • Engagement in property damage • Gambling • High risk sexual behavior

  9. Drug Dealing • Highest arrest rates • Harshest penalties • Neighborhood characteristics • Central location of community • Physical deterioration • Social disorganization • Predicting drug use • Low income of community residents • Low status of residents occupations

  10. Drug Dealing • Drug dealer profile • Sell as alternative to low paying job or unemployment • Overwhelmingly African-American/minorities • Drug arrest practices • Arrests in socially disorganized areas more accessible • Arrest practices in mid and upper class neighborhoods more difficult • Police patrol disorganized neighborhoods more frequently and intensely

  11. Drug and Crime Involved Women • Female drug offenders tend to come from families where drug dependence and criminal behavior are common • Positive non criminal and non drug using relationships help females in rehabilitation to discontinue drug use • Females who enter drug treatment become dependent on social and family support

  12. Legal Aspects of Substance Related Crime • Debate over whether alcohol/drug addictions are disabling illnesses or deliberate acts of misconduct • Diminished mental capacity not appropriate defense when intoxication is voluntary • Involuntary intoxication – one can rely on diminished capacity defense • Substance induced disorders can be claimed as diminished capacity in face of criminal charges

  13. Treatment Opportunities • Some states offer treatment programs for addicts • Small percentage of drug users receive needed treatment/rehabilitation

  14. Organized Crime

  15. Money Laundering • Evolving universal definition of money laundering • Current wide ranging definitions • Concealing the existence of income, then disguising it to make it appear legitimate • Process of taking proceeds of criminal activity and making them appear legal • Goal of making funds derived from illicit activity appear legitimate • Major participants • Illegal drug traffickers • Illegal arms dealers

  16. Money Laundering • Essential activities to money laundering • Placement • Changing illicitly derived money into a non illicit form and then placing that money into a legitimate financial system • Layering • Movement of these funds to conceal illicit funds • Integration • Reintroduction of the money into a legitimate financial economy

  17. Gambling/Loan Sharking/Numbers Running • Monetary proceeds received second only to illegal drug sale and distribution • Bookmaking • Taking bets on sporting events – bookies get interest on losses • Loan Sharking • Bookies lend money to gambler with high interest rates • Numbers Running • Similar to “daily number” of state lotteries • Cheaper and better pay offs • Caters to and facilitated by poor urbanites

  18. Racketeering • Definition • Includes but not limited to murder, kidnapping, gambling, arson, embezzlement, bribery • Don’t have to commit to be charged (co-conspirator) • Labor racketeering • Illegal infiltration into labor unions for personal • Victims are members of labor unions • Skimming • Money taken off the top of cash transactions • Unreported, tax free income • Bankruptcy fraud • Partner with legitimate business establishments to commit fraud • Organized crime syndicates obtain money/merchandise without the bank’s knowledge and legitimate business files bankruptcy

  19. White Collar Crime

  20. Defining White Collar Crime • Edwin Sutherland • Crime committed by respectable person of high social status in the course of their occupation • Too general • Donald Gibbons • Violation of business rules to benefit legitimate enterprises • Does not account for fraud and embezzlement • Clinnard & Quinney • Occupational crime • Non violent infractions of legal codes within an otherwise legitimate enterprise • US Congressional Subcommittee on Crime • Illegal act committed by nonphysical means and concealment to obtain money/property or personal/business advantage

  21. Embezzlement • Definition • Theft of goods that one had been entrusted with by another • Criminal profiles • Often highly educated • Known to the person from whom they are stealing • Tend to be the model employee • Manipulative and scheming • Triggers • Economic hardship • Manufactured economic needs • To compensate for health care or treatment needs

  22. SEC Violations – Insider Trading • Misperception of insider trading definition • Insiders with trading restrictions • Directors/owners/officers that have decision making authority affecting the entire organization • Illegal insider trading • Information not made public used for personal profit • No clear definition of what comprises insider information

  23. SEC Violations – Securities Fraud • Securities and commodities fraud • The sale, transfer, or purchase of securities or money interests in business activities of others • “Boiler-room” operations • Used to promote sales of fraudulent securities or to acquire charitable donations from unknowing donators

  24. Fraud

  25. Internet Fraud • Five general types • Auction and retail schemes • Business opportunity schemes • Identity theft and fraud • Investment schemes • Credit card schemes • Acts to prevent spammers • Computer Fraud and Abuse Act • Communications Privacy Act • Legal consequences • Imprisonment • Serious fines

  26. Telemarketing Fraud • False promises made offering goods or services, requesting investments or asking for charitable donations • Differentiating fraud from legitimate enterprises • Goals of illegitimate enterprises • Make the scheme seem to be a charitable cause worthy of payment • Obtaining immediate payment – before victim can inspect value • Devising a perception of validity • Reloading • Fraudulent operations re approaches those victims it has been successful in scheming in the past • Geographical location • Less likely that tracking will occur if the victim and the illegitimate business are in separate states.

  27. Telemarketing Fraud • Varying telemarketing schemes • Charity schemes • Credit card schemes • Lottery schemes • Magazine/prize promotion • Credit repair and loan schemes • Investment/business opportunity schemes

  28. Identity Theft and Identity Fraud • Loose definition • Purpose • Personal information obtained and used by offenders • Methods • Shoulder surfing • Dumpster diving • 1998 law – Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act

  29. Other types of Fraud • Health care fraud • Submission of false claims • Payment or receipt of bribes • Self referrals

  30. Offenders and Victims • Victim characteristics • Anyone – especially if careless • Elderly more vulnerable to financial fraud • Victims of internet fraud • Careless in disclosing personal data while online • Agree to pay advance fees • Victims of identity theft and fraud • Extremely trusting • Disclose personal information to others (known and unknown) • Victims of telemarketing fraud • Victims of fraudulent behavior in past • Names purchased from lead brokers • Offenders • Motivated by money • Low recidivism rate

  31. Internet Crime

  32. Electronically Generated Child Pornography • Definition of crime • Knowingly mailing/transporting any child pornography • Child pornography prevention act (1996) • What computer generated child pornography can lead to • Pedophiles use images to whet deviant appetites and lure children into sexually explicit activities • Desensitizes viewers into a pathology of sexual abuse/exploitation of children

  33. Cyberstalking • Use of the internet to harass victims • Practices • Search chat rooms for vulnerable individuals • Spy on a person’s online activities anonymously

  34. Stalking

  35. Background Information • Common elements • Unwanted behavioral intrusion • Implicit or explicit threat • Reasonable fear is experienced • Varying clinical definitions • Obsessional following • Treatment is relatively new • Collection of stalking scarce until recently

  36. Love obsessional stalker • Celebrity stalking • Offender profiles • Mental illness • Lack of successful intimate relationships • Socially maladjusted • Initiate correspondence with the victim and when they do not receive a response – frustration and anger

  37. Erotomanic stalker • Delusional thought patterns convince the offender he/she is truly loved by the victim • Perpetrators are usually female and rarely act in physically violent manner • Victims are typically men of high socio-economic status or celebrity status

  38. Stalker profile/motivations • Antisocial personality disorder • More violent stalkers • Borderline personality disorder • Unrealistic sense of importance of relationship’s intensity • Stalks after being rejected after short term relationship • Histrionic personality disorder • Emotionally dramatic stalkers • Considers relationships more intimate than they are • Narcissistic personality disorder • Rely on stalking fantasies to fulfill their own psychological emptiness

  39. Predispositional Theories • Disturbances in early attachment relationships • Recent loss in adulthood acting as a triggering factor • Terminated marriage • Loss of a job • Messy divorce • Death of a parent

  40. Sexual Harassment

  41. Developments in the Law • Not addressed until 1986 • Two prong test to determine a hostile work environment • Reasonableness standard • Perception standard • Treating sexual harassment as outcome of a legal test that takes into consideration totality of circumstances in the workplace

  42. Sexual Harassment: Types, Models and Modalities • Types • Quid pro quo • Supervisor demanding sexual favors in exchange for tangible job benefits • Hostile work environment • Employee is a victim of unwelcome sexual conduct • Broad based models • Sex role spillover theory • Tendency of men to invoke sex based stereotypes • Sexual harassment is the result of an encouraging individual and situational factors

  43. Modalities • Verbal Harassment • Physical harassment • Visual hrassment

  44. Mental health concerns • Victims suffer from anger, depression, anxiety and substance use/abuse • Poor coping mechanisms lead to more serious psychopathologies • Females experience higher levels of psychological distress than male victims

  45. Property Crimes

  46. Theft • Larceny theft • Unlawful taking, carrying leading or riding away of property from the possession of another • Results in more arrests for females and juveniles • Burglary • Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft • Motivation • Drug use • Offenders lifestyles • Know others who engage in deviance • Exposure to criminal activities • Absence of capable guardians

  47. Theft • Unemployment has a positive impact on commission of property crimes • Unemployment Property Crimes

  48. Arson • Willful and malicious burning of property • Essential components to designate an act as arson • Burning of property or actual destruction of a target • Presence of intent • Condition of malice

  49. Arson • Types of arson • Serial arsonist • Three or more fire setting incidents with cooling off periods between • Unpredictable and most serious • Spree arsonist • Three or more fires at separate locations with no cooling off period • Mass arsonist • Three or more fires at same location within a limited amount of time

  50. Motivations – John Douglas • Vandalism • Excitement • Revenge • Crime concealment • profit

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