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Problem Solving And Decision Making

Problem Solving And Decision Making. Chapter 8. Definition. Problem solving refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. Types of Problems (Greeno). Problems of Inducing Structure Problems of Arrangement Problems of Transformation.

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Problem Solving And Decision Making

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  1. Problem Solving And Decision Making Chapter 8

  2. Definition • Problem solving refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.

  3. Types of Problems (Greeno) • Problems of Inducing Structure • Problems of Arrangement • Problems of Transformation

  4. Approaches to Problem Solving • Trial & Error • Heuristics • Forming Subgoals (Tower of Hanoi) • Working Backwards (Water Lilies) • Using Analogies (Tumor) • Reenvisioning the Problem

  5. Barriers to Effective Problem Solving • Irrelevant (Distracting) Information • Functional Fixedness (Screw Driver) • Mental Set • Unnecessary Constraints

  6. Decision Making • Two types of decisions • Making choices (selecting among alternatives) • Taking chances (deciding amidst uncertainty)

  7. Selecting Among Alternatives • Strategies • Additive • Subtractive (Elimination of Aspects)

  8. Making “Risky” Decisions • Risky Decisions (Tversky & Kahneman) • Factors Influencing Risky Decisions • Using Probabilities • Expected Value • Subjective Utility • Factors that Affect Probability Estimates • Heuristics • Availability • Representativeness • Ignoring Base Rates • The Conjunction Fallacy • Alternative Outcomes Effect • Framing the Question

  9. Classic View Irrational Prone to errors & mistakes Mentally limited Evolutionary View Specialized cognition is adaptive Rational Fast and Frugal heuristics work Humans as Decision Makers Dual Process Theories Intuitive Thinking Rational Thinking

  10. $20 $1 Reducing Regret after Decisions Told next person tasks were fun and interesting Cognitive Dissonance Theory Asked how much they enjoyed experiment Boring Tasks Told next person tasks were fun and interesting

  11. Making Decisions in Groups • Group Polarization • Groupthink

  12. Risky Neutral Cautious Group Polarization Group Polarization- tendency to shift toward more extreme positions after group discussion

  13. Groupthink • Groupthink- syndrome of bad decision-making 12.17

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