John H. Pollitz Library 3 rd Floor Offices Work:333-6241 Home:326-2698 PollitzJohnH@ambrose.sau

1. History 230-M John H. Pollitz Library 3rd Floor Offices Work:333-6241 Home:326-2698 PollitzJohnH@ambrose.sau.edu

2. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • Supporter of Iturbide • 1833-1855 elected president 11 times • Declared dictator • Military man • With independence attacked then lost at San Jacinto New York Historical Society

4. Mexican American War • 1835 Texas declares independence • Santa Anna tries to crush • Wins at Alamo • Loses at San Jacinto • 1845 US Congress votes to annex Texas • US invades disputed Rio Nueces area. • Mexico moves in and US declares war

5. Mexican American War • US invades New Mexico then on to California • Taylor gets all the way to Saltillo • Santa Anna checks him there. • Winfield Scott invades at Vera Cruz

6. Scott gets all the way to Mexico City Battle at Chapultapec Defended by cadets 1846-1847 US occupies Mexico US divided over taking nothing to taking it all Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico loses Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, California Losses tempered by North fearing South 1853 loses more in the Gadsden Purchase Mexican American War

8. Conservatives Slow evolutionary change Minimal government in hands of the Wealthy They had the most to lose so best to rule Support institutions Liberals Root out the evils left from Colonialism Destroy certain institutions Church – unproductive? Army – Santa Anna experience Freedom and involvement of all Progress with a capital P Liberals v. Conservatives

9. La Reforma • Plan of Ayutla • Constituent assembly to establish a republican constitution • Break the power of the Church and Army • Revolutionary ideals of Spain and France • Young thinkers/leaders • Benito Juarez • Melchor Ocampo • Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada

10. Benito Juarez • Zapotec from Oaxaca • Humble birth • Spent years in seminary before becoming lawyer • Spent 2 years in exile in New Orleans making cigars with other expatriates

11. Ley Juarez - 1855 • Did away with special courts for Church and Military • Civil marriages • Separated church and state • Church excommunicated him

12. 1856 – Ley Lerdo • Prohibits Church from owning any land other than what is necessary for worship • Hoped to sell to campesinos • But scooped up by speculators Miguel Lerdo de Tejada

13. Constitution of 1857 • Basic document of Liberalism • Federal republic – states have certain amount of autonomy • No official state church • Personal liberties defended • Lasted until 1917 • But couldn’t keep presidents in check

14. War of Reform • Juarez leads • Church • Take away sources of income • Cemetaries, registrations, marriages and birth documents • Liberals win bitter brief war – Juarez returns to Mexico City 1861 • Church begins selling land • Also wins European Catholic capitals ire • US supports

15. Results • Mexico in a financial mess • Little money and little sources of income • Owed Britain, France and Spain big time • Juarez declares moratorium on payments • They occupy Vera Cruz • Start collecting export/import taxes • Juarez cuts a deal but France stays on

16. French Intervention • Napoleon III wanted Mexican protectorate • Wanted empire • Paris full of Conservative expatriates • Spanish wife • Betting on weakened US

17. Maximillian • Thought he could help • Wouldn’t come until Mexicans voted for him • Saw himself as enlightened royal

18. Intervention • France had to pave the way • Fight their way to Mexico City • May 5, 1862 Battle of Puebla • Porfirio Diaz one of commanders

19. Maximillian • Juarez still has government in Ciudad Juarez • Alienated supporters • Didn’t return lands to Church • Tried to rule like Dom Pedro II – deal with conservatives and liberals • Did not support some of the outrageous French claims • Wanted to foster liberal monarchies throughout South America

20. French Intervention • Becoming discouraged • Holding cities but countryside in liberal hands • Trouble brewing with Prussia • French populace not supportive • Misjudged US • As soon as tide turned aid going to Juarez • After Appomattox, April, 1865 surplus arms start flowing across border • Volunteer fighters

21. Maximilian & Carlota • The French pulled out ahead of schedule • Maximilian stays in his “home country” • Carlota • In Europe • Pleads Maximilian’s case • Goes mad • Maximilian is executed

26. Aftermath • Juarez returns to Mexico City • Wanted public education but void left by Church unfillable • Priest down to 3,000 • Protestants could not fill • Illiteracy thrives • Liberal laws easily subverted • Stage set for the great dictator

27. Porfirio Diaz • Also from Qaxaca • Mixtec & Spanish blood • Military was his way to power • Battle of Puebla • Runs on issue of “no reelection”

28. Worked the system Controlled the leadership of states Divvied out perks Rurales Little more than sanctioned bandits After first term gets out for 4 yrs. But retains power Pan o palo – bread or club If you played along you got bread, if not you got the club Ley de Fuego Diaz-potizmo

29. Materialism • Stability led to investment • Paradise for foreign investors • Railroads – all ran north and south • Telephones and telegraph • Foreigners protected in courts • Ley Lerdo applied to ejidos in big way • Yaquis • Immigrants

30. Porfiriato • By 1911 900 large landowners with ranches over several million acres. 9,000,000 campesinos with no land at all. • Exported cash crops but imported food stuffs. • Church found a friend – priests from 3,000 to 6,000

31. Positivism • 3 phases of understanding • Theological • Metaphysical • Positive/Scientific • Technology and Science held the answers Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

32. Cientificos • José Limantour – 1892 Minister of Finance • Their idea of Positivism • Let the richest, who are most intelligent, exploit their opportunities to the fullest • Tied to social Darwinism • White man rule • Train the elite

33. The Decline Diaz kept getting himself reelected • Ramón Corral – Vice President 1904 • Nod to people who thought he was too old, 74. • So awful, so unfit, so detested, no one would wish Diaz ill. • 1908 interview, Diaz talked about wanting someone to compete against • People took up the challenge.

34. Precursors

35. The Madero Threat • Used Diaz’s slogan from 1876, “effective suffrage – no reelection” • Party was the Anti-reelectionists • Diaz met with him and discounted him • Madero proposed political reform not social • Lost 1910 election 196 to a million • Jailed before the election • When released flees to US to work for true Revolution

36. Vocabulary

37. History 230-M

38. (Marcus J. Wright, General Scott, New York: D. Appleton, 1897) http://www.dmwv.org/dmwv/siteinfo.htm

39. The War Between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated. http://www.dmwv.org/dmwv/siteinfo.htm

40. http://www.dmwv.org/dmwv/siteinfo.htm The War Between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated.

41. http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/sam15.jpg

42. (Marcus J. Wright, General Scott, New York: D. Appleton, 1897) http://www.dmwv.org/dmwv/siteinfo.htm

43. The War Between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated. http://www.dmwv.org/dmwv/siteinfo.htm

44. http://www.dmwv.org/dmwv/siteinfo.htm The War Between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated.

45. http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/sam15.jpg