UPSC-JUN-2025

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PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 S.no S.no Particulars Particulars Page no Page no GS 1 GS 1 9 ANCIENT HISTORY ANCIENT HISTORY 1. 9 Pre-Harappan Coastal Settlements in Kachchh CULTURE Kheer Bhawani Festival 9 1. 9 9 HISTORY HISTORY 1. 9 Bhagwan Birsa Munda Servants of India Society Magna Carta Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee 2. 10 3. 11 4. 12 12 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1. 12 Western Ghats Heavy Rainfall in NorthEast India Landslide Hits Army Station in Sikkim Kerch Strait Brahmaputra Flow in India and Impact of Chinese Dams UNFPA State of World Population 2025 Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) 2. 13 3. 13 4. 14 5. 15 6. 16 7. 17 18 PLACES PLACES 1. 18 Hodeidah Port Arabian Peninsula Strait of Hormuz 2. 18 3. 19 GS 2 GS 2 20 EDUCATION EDUCATION 1. 20 How Will Foreign Universities Impact Higher Education in India? 21 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION Safeguarding Personality and Publicity Rights 1. 21 2 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 District & State Level Cells: Forest Rights Act, 2006 2. 22 HEALTH HEALTH 1. 23 Nine years of Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan Demand for Compulsory Licensing for Rare Disease India joins Elite group of Rinderpest Virus ‘Cattle Plague’ Containment Rethinking Alcohol Control in India Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) with Insect-Based Livestock Feed 10th WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 2. 24 3. 25 4. 25 5. 27 6. 28 1. 28 NAKSHA Initiative Pharma Freebies Under Scrutiny Telangana Formation Day Does the Civil Services Examination Need Reform? New Regulations for Jobs and Domicile in Ladakh Any Law Passed By Parliament Or State Legislature Can’t Be Held To Be Contempt Of Court Motion of Impeachment Against High Court Judge C CARES Version 2.0 Index Cards S Mahendra Dev Appointed New Chief of EAC-PM Ayush Nivesh Saarthi ECINET App NHAI Releases First-Ever Asset Monetisation Strategy Document First State/UTs Engagement Workshop Under the National One Health Mission Hate Speech Supreme Court Ruling on Narco Test Gyan Post Service 2. 29 3. 30 4. 31 5. 32 6. 34 7. 34 8. 35 9. 35 10. 36 11. 36 12. 36 13. 37 14. 38 15. 39 16. 40 17. 40 3 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 18. 40 Cash Plus Model Pushes Up Early Breastfeeding Rate in Rajasthan India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) India is Set to Air Conditioner Temperature Guidelines Campaign Aims to Push Tribal Welfare Schemes PM JANMAN and Dharti Aaba Lateral Entry Policy Still Active UK Assisted Dying Bill UMEED Portal First-Ever Household Income Survey in 2026 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 19. 41 20. 42 21. 44 22. 45 23. 45 24. 48 25. 48 49 1. 49 International Organisation for Mediation (IOMed) India and Japan Agrees to Deepen Maritime Relations Nuclear Sharing Model 4th Meeting of the India – Central Asia Dialogue India, Vietnam Decide to Cooperate in Media & Entertainment Sector United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee India-Türkiye Relations Israel-Iran Conflict India and France Agree to Intensify Cooperation India Abstains From Gaza Ceasefire Resolution in UNGA PM Visit To Cyprus Vietnam officially Joins BRICS As ‘Partner Country’ Cyprus Question India sends Final Batch of Machinery to Suriname The 51st G7 Summit International Day Against Unilateral Coercive Measures India-Canada Ties India and Croatia to Make Long-term Plans for Deepening Defence Ties Increase in Oil Prices Amidst Iran-Israel Tensions 2. 50 3. 51 4. 52 5. 54 6. 55 7. 56 8. 57 9. 58 10. 59 11. 60 12. 61 13. 62 14. 62 15. 63 16. 64 17. 64 18. 65 19. 67 4 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Understanding Pakistan’s Balancing Act on Iran US Attack on Iran’s Nuclear Facilities Iran Moves to Block Strait of Hormuz Challenges Before IAEA After Attacks on Iran’s Nuclear Sites India-ASEAN Trade Deal Review Bangladesh Joins Tri-Nation Meeting with China & Pakistan India-South Africa Exchange Agreements in Domain of Submarine Cooperation Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Defence Ministers’ Meeting 20. 67 21. 69 22. 69 23. 70 24. 71 25. 71 26. 72 27. 73 GS 3 GS 3 75 Agriculture Agriculture 1. 75 Agri Stack Under Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM) Preservation of Traditional Seed Varieties in india Turmeric Cultivation Defence Drone Warfare: Ukraine Drone Attack on Russia Andaman & Nicobar Command Exercise Shakti-2025 SIPRI Annual Report 2025 Indian Navy Set to Commission INS Arnala GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator/MOP 2. 77 3. 78 78 1. 78 2. 79 3. 80 4. 80 5. 81 6. 81 82 Environment Environment 1. 82 Heatwaves Impacting Labour Productivity Impact of Iron Aerosol on Ocean Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Aravalli Green Wall Project EnviStats India 2025: Environment Statistics Kerala Wants Centre to Amend the Wildlife Protection Act 2. 82 3. 83 4. 84 5. 84 6. 85 5 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure 2025 Monaco Marine Conference Blue NDC Challenge Ocean Acidification AviList Flue Gas Desulphurisation New Species of Jumping Spider Discovered Cooking Oils Can Help Recover Silver from E-Waste Revised Green India Mission plan World Day to Combat Desertification & Drought 7. 86 8. 87 9. 88 10. 88 11. 90 12. 90 13. 91 14. 91 15. 92 16. 93 17. 95 Kerala High Court Bans Single-Use Plastic in Hilly Areas Global Drought Outlook Third United Nations Oceans Conference (UNOC)-2025 Sariska Tiger Reserve Indian Economy and economic development Indian Economy and economic development 18. 95 19. 97 20. 99 99 1. 99 Regulating India’s Virtual Digital Assets Revolution Asian Development Bank (ADB) Opportunity for Investment in India’s Aviation Sector India Pushes for WTO Reforms at Paris Ministerial New Base Year for GDP, CPI, IIP from Early 2026 Consultative Regulation-making Govt Notifies SEZ reforms to Boost Semiconductor, Electronics Component Manufacturing India’s IBC Framework: Balancing Resolution with Recovery Rapid Expansion of Gig Workforce in India National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited (NIIF) India’s Growth Paradox 2. 100 3. 100 4. 101 5. 102 6. 103 7. 104 8. 105 9. 106 10. 107 11. 108 6 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 12. 109 PM GatiShakti Plan RBI Bond Buyback Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) Israel-Iran tension Impacts India’s Tea Exports Insurance Sector of India Rubber Board India’s Total Trade Deficit narrows to $6.6 Billion CCI Buys 100 lakh Bales of Cotton at MSP NICDC-led Industrial Nodes Steel Industry in India Expansionary Policies in a Slowing Economy RBI and Banks to Launch Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) Climate Finance RBI’s Revised PSL Guidelines for Small Finance Banks INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE 13. 109 14. 110 15. 110 16. 110 17. 112 18. 112 19. 113 20. 113 21. 114 22. 115 23. 116 24. 116 25. 117 119 1. 120 DHRUVA Initiative Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Chenab and Anji Rail Bridges India to Cut Logistics Cost to 9% by Year-End NITI Aayog Pushes for Robust Data Ecosystem 2. 120 3. 120 4. 121 5. 122 123 Science and Tech Science and Tech 1. 123 SHOX Gene Guidelines For Electric Passenger Vehicle Manufacturing Scheme BharatGen Launched India’s Rare Earth Magnets Crisis Science Behind Right AC Temperature India’s 1st Silver Notice From Interpol Mayday Call 2. 124 3. 125 4. 125 5. 126 6. 126 7. 127 7 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 CROPIC Emperor Penguins How DNA Identification Works? Step-and-shoot spot-scanning proton arc therapy (SPArc) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Quantum Communication Yeast Shows Physics can Give Rise to Multicellular Life Sans Mutations Security agencies in India Security agencies in India 8. 127 9. 128 10. 129 11. 130 12. 131 13. 131 14. 133 133 1. 133 India Hub For Illegal Online Betting: CUTS International 134 Space Space 1. 134 Axiom-4 Mission to the International Space Station (ISS) Indian Astronaut in Space After 41-Year Gap 2. 135 8 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 GS GS - -1 1 ANCIENT HISTORY Pre Pre- -Harappan Coastal Settlements in Kachchh Harappan Coastal Settlements in Kachchh After death, C-14 begins to decay and is reduced by half every 5,730 years. half every 5,730 years. reduced by Syllabus: GS1/ Ancient History Syllabus: GS1/ Ancient History As atmospheric C-14 levels have varied over time, the results were calibrated using tree-ring data. Context Context The study by the researchers of the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITGN), has uncovered archaeological evidence that pushes back the human presence in this region by at least 5,000 years prior to the arrival of Harappans. Trees form one ring per year Trees form one ring per year, and these tree-ring sequences can be matched and extended back over thousands of years, allowing scientists to construct an accurate reference timeline of atmospheric C-14. CUL CULTURE TURE Findings of Findings of the study the study Kheer Bhawani Festival Kheer Bhawani Festival Early Human Settlement in Kachchh: Early Human Settlement in Kachchh: The study suggests that early communities inhabited a mangrove-dominated landscape and relied on shell species (both bivalves like oysters and gastropods), naturally adapted to such environments, as a significant food source. Syllabus: GS1/Culture Syllabus: GS1/Culture Context Context The Kheer Bhawani festival Kheer Bhawani festival, an annual celebration held on Jyeshta Ashtami Jyeshta Ashtami, is currently taking place at the Kheer Bhawani temple in Ganderbal, Jammu and Kheer Bhawani temple in Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmir. The presence of stone tools presence of stone tools (for cutting, scraping, and splitting) and tool-making cores indicates the existence of semi-permanent communities. or settled About Kheer Bhawani Temple About Kheer Bhawani Temple The original temple was built by Maharaja Pratap Singh around 1912 Singh around 1912. It was later embellished and renovated by Maharaja Hari Singh. renovated by Maharaja Hari Singh. Maharaja Pratap Pre Pre- -Harappan Culture with Regional Linkages: Harappan Culture with Regional Linkages: The findings suggest a cultural continuity and regional interaction among early coastal communities from: It is dedicated to Goddess Ragnya Devi Goddess Ragnya Devi, who is considered an incarnation of Goddess Durga. Las Bela and Makran regions Las Bela and Makran regions (now in Pakistan), an The Oman Peninsula, The Oman Peninsula, indicating similar subsistence and survival strategies. A distinctive feature of the temple is a he spring spring located at its center, revered for its sacred water. hexagonal xagonal This urbanisation in Kachchh emerged solely under the influence of the Sindh Sindh- -based culture, culture, suggesting instead a more complex and indigenous developmental trajectory. challenges the long-held belief that Both the temple and the festival derive their name from the sweet dish ‘kheer’, sweet dish ‘kheer’, which is distributed as prasad (a religious offering) to devotees. based Harappan Harappan Method to determine the age of the sites Method to determine the age of the sites HISTORY HISTORY The research team used Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Spectrometry (AMS) dating of shell remains, a highly precise technique that measures the radioactive isotope Carbon isotope Carbon- -14 (C 14 (C- -14) organisms. Accelerator Mass Bhagwan Birsa Munda Bhagwan Birsa Munda radioactive Syllabus: GS Syllabus: GS1/ History 1/ History 14) absorbed by living In News In News 9 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 The British government introduced the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act in 1908, Tenancy Act in 1908, to prohibit the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals (Dikus). PM pays tribute to Bhagwan Birsa Munda Bhagwan Birsa Munda on the occasion of his Martyr’s Day. Martyr’s Day. the Chotanagpur About Bhagwan Birsa Munda About Bhagwan Birsa Munda Lenient attitude of Britishers Lenient attitude of Britishers towards tribals & maintaining their faith & beliefs. Early Life: Early Life: Born on 15th November 1875 in Ulihatu of the erstwhile Bengal Presidency. Key Key – Janjatiya Gaurav Diva Janjatiya Gaurav Divas: s: Celebrated on 15th November on the birth anniversary of Bhagwan Birsa Munda. This day serves to recognize and honor the contributions of tribal communities in India, particularly their role in the country’s freedom – Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adi Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM Abhiyan (PM- -JANMAN): JANMAN): This initiative, launched to support Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), aims to provide basic infrastructure in tribal areas, including pucca houses, clean drinking water, and improved roads. Initiatives Initiatives For For Tribals Tribals An Indian freedom fighter, religious leader and folk hero from the Munda Tribe. Learned teachings from a Vaishnav monk. Vaishnav monk. struggle. Founder of New Religion “Birsait”: Founder of New Religion “Birsait”: vasi Nyaya Maha He believed in One God. One God. Munda and Oraon community people Munda and Oraon community people joined the sect & challenged British conversion activities of tribals. He preached strong Anti-British sentiment through religion. Conclusion Conclusion Also, referred to as ‘Dharti Abba or Father of ‘Dharti Abba or Father of Earth’ Earth’ by his followers. Bhagwan Birsa Munda remains a guiding figure for the tribal communities, especially in Jharkhand, and continues to inspire the fight for tribal rights and social justice in India. Outcomes of the Munda Rebellion: Outcomes of the Munda Rebellion: In 1895, Birsa Munda was arrested for rioting and imprisoned for 2 years. Servants of India Society Servants of India Society In 1900, Birsa Munda was arrested again and died of cholera in captivity, at the age of just 25. Syllabus :GS1/History Syllabus :GS1/History In News In News Munda Rebellion Munda Rebellion Tensions have resurfaced between Pune’s Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE) and the Servants of India Society (SIS) over control of a joint bank account and allegations misconduct. A tribal movement A tribal movement led by Munda British Raj. Raj. Munda against the of financial Also referred to as ‘Ulgulan’ or the ‘Great Tumult,’ Ulgulan’ or the ‘Great Tumult,’ to establish Munda raj. Munda raj. The Servants of India Society The Servants of India Society The rebellion aimed at challenging the coloni challenging the colonial land revenue system, Zamindari system, and forced labor revenue system, Zamindari system, and forced labor imposed imposed on the tribals. al land The ‘Servants of India Society’ was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale Krishna Gokhale at Fergusson hill in June 1905 in Pune district of Maharashtra along with three associates named Natesh Appaji Dravid, Gopal Krishna Deodhar and Anant Vinayak Patwardhan. Gopal The the introduction of the Zamindari system introduction of the Zamindari system, which displaced tribals from their land, and the exploitation by outsiders or Dikus who took control of tribal lands and resources. movement’s primary grievances were It aimed to create a group of selfless, dedicated workers committed to national service. Birsa Munda and his followers used guerrilla warfare tactics tactics to target symbols of British power, such as police stations, government landlords’ establishments. guerrilla warfare Members took vows of renunciation and focused on education, social welfare, and uplifting the underprivileged, including communities. buildings, and rural and tribal Outcomes of the Rebellion: Outcomes of the Rebellion: 10 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Long- -term causes term causes included military failures (loss of Normandy and Anjou in 1204) and heavy taxation imposed to finance campaigns. It aimed to promote the welfare of the Indian people by engaging in various social and educational activities Long It played a key role in uniting diverse groups and contributing to social integration during the Indian Independence movement. Purpose: Purpose: It was the first document the principle that the king and his government was principle that the king and his government was not above the law. not above the law. first document to put into writing It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his prevent the king from exploiting his power power, and placed limits of royal authority by establishing law as a power in itself. Gopal Gopal – He was born on May 9, 1866, in Maharashtra and was a prominent Indian liberal political leader and social reformer during Movement. – He was influenced by Western political thought thought and the social work of Justice M.G. Ranade. social work of Justice M.G. Ranade. – He was leader of the Indian National Congress and he advocated for Indian self-rule and social reform. – He was a prominent moderate thinker who advocated a liberal political approach and gradual social 1. He supported British rule in India, He supported British rule in India, believing it had initiated the country’s 2. He argued that continued British presence would help India progress in industry, education, commerce, and politics, eventually leading to self- governance. – He mentored Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi and played a key role in the Morley Morley- -Minto 1. Known for his scholarly speeches and economic insights, he passed away on February 19, 1915 Krishna Krishna Gokhale Gokhale the Independence Charter Contents and Principles: Charter Contents and Principles: Western political The Magna Carta consisted of 63 clauses, over 3,500 words. words. 63 clauses, over 3,500 Addressed both local governance and broader legal local governance and broader legal principles. principles. Key clauses: Key clauses: progress. Clause 39: Clause 39: Protects against arbitrary imprisonment —“No free man shall be seized or imprisoned… except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land.” modernisation. Clause 40: Clause 40: Guarantees access to justice —“To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice.” Immediate Aftermath and Reissues: Immediate Aftermath and Reissues: Minto Reforms. Reforms. King John quick King John quickly sought annulment ly sought annulment from Pope Innocent III; conflict resumed with the barons. John died in 1216; his nine-year-old son Henry III was crowned. His regents reconfirmed the Magna Carta to secure baronial support. Magna Carta Magna Carta Syllabus: GS1/World History Syllabus: GS1/World History The Charter was reissued multiple times in the reissued multiple times in the 13th century, with revisions. century, with revisions. 13th Context Context The Magna Carta (Latin for “Great Charter”) Magna Carta (Latin for “Great Charter”) was signed on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede Meadows June 15, 1215, at Runnymede Meadows near London. near London. Legacy: Legacy: Inspired legal traditions: Inspired legal traditions: In the UK: In the UK: Basis for habeas corpus and rights against arbitrary detention. Historical Context and Origin Historical Context and Origin (1215) (1215) Sealed on 15 June 1215 Sealed on 15 June 1215 by King John of England, England, following pressure from English barons who sought to limit the king’s arbitrary power. sought to limit the king’s arbitrary power. King John of In the US: In the US: Influenced American Revolution and constitutional development — especially the Bill of Rights. Barons Barons, part of the feudal system, were key stakeholders as landholders providing knights and military service to the king. Symbolic Symbolic value: modern democracy, even if not originally intended as such. value: Seen as a foundational text for The immediate cause of baronial rebellion was John’s defeat at the Battle of Bouvines (1214) by John’s defeat at the Battle of Bouvines (1214) by King Philip II of France. King Philip II of France. Foundation of Rule of Law: Foundation of Rule of Law: Established the principle that no one, not even the king, is above the law. 11 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 He was initially involved with Congress and later joined the Hindu Mahasabha, becoming its acting president and advocating for complete Indian independence. Introduced the idea that the monarch’s power could be legally restricted, a foundational shift in political authority. Legal and Constitutional Legacy: Legal and Constitutional Legacy: Clause 39 and 40 remain part of UK law, ensuring protection from arbitrary detention. Finance Minister in Bengal, he opposed colonial interference interference and contributed to famine relief efforts. opposed colonial Right to a fair trial. -independence, he served as Industry Minister helping establish key industrial institutions before founding the Bharatiya Jan Sangh in 1951. Industry Minister, Access to justice without delay or sale. Laid the groundwork for the writ of habeas corpus. He was Known as “The Lion of Parliament, “The Lion of Parliament,” he was a powerful orator championing unity, especially the integration of Jammu and especially the integration of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmir. national Served as a precursor to constitutional governance and judicial independence. Symbol of Civil Liberties and Human Rights: Symbol of Civil Liberties and Human Rights: While initially benefiting only the feudal elite (barons), over time it came to represent individual freedoms, protection from state oppression and the idea of accountable governance. Legacy Legacy He died in detention in Kashmir in 1953 and is remembered for his patriotism, leadership, and dedication to India’s unity. Global Symbol of Justice: Global Symbol of Justice: Used historically by reformers and revolutionaries autocracy. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY to challenge Western Ghats Western Ghats Quoted constitutionalists, and in human rights advocacy worldwide. by American revolutionaries, Syllabus :GS1/Geography Syllabus :GS1/Geography In News In News Karnataka’s Minister of Forest, Ecology, and Environment has ordered a study on capacity of the Western Ghats capacity of the Western Ghats following landslips in Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, and other areas during pre-monsoon rains. Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee study on the carrying carrying Syllabhus: GS1/History Syllabhus: GS1/History In News In News Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tributes to Bharatiya Jana Sangh’s founding president Prasad Mukherjee Prasad Mukherjee on his death anniversary. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustainably support over the long term, without degrading the environment. president Syama Syama Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee Western Ghats Western Ghats He was born on 6th July 1901 in Calcutta. They are older than the Himalayas and are a mountain range of immense global importance. He was a multifaceted personality -patriot, educationist, parliamentarian, humanitarian. statesman, and They are known for their unique geomorphic, ecological, and climatic influence on the Indian subcontinent. He inherited a legacy of erudition and nationalism from his father, Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, an esteemed Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University and Judge of the Calcutta High Court. They affect monsoon weather patterns and moderate the tropical climate. Major Contributions Major Contributions They are recognized as one of the world’s eight ‘hottest hotspots’ ‘hottest hotspots’ of biodiversity. world’s eight He excelled academically and served as the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, promoting Indian languages and education. 12 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Landslide Hits Army Landslide Hits Army Station in Sikkim Station in Sikkim They pass through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. the states of Gujarat, Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, GS3/ Environment Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, GS3/ Environment Context Context They are an example of Block Mountains land warped into the Arabian Sea. Block Mountains formed as A landslide triggered by heavy rainfall hit a military camp in Sikkim’s Lachen district causing casulities & loss to property. They are a biodiversity hot spot, a biologically rich but threatened region, and a UNESCO World Heritage site site. UNESCO World Heritage What is Landslide? What is Landslide? They are home to exceptionally high levels of endemism and at least 325 globally threatened species, including plants, amphibians, reptiles, and fish. Landslides are a geological phenomenon that involves the sudden and rapid movement of a mass of sudden and rapid movement of a mass of rock, soil, or debris down a slope rock, soil, or debris down a slope under the influence of gravity. mammals, birds, Do Do The Kasturirangan Committee Kasturirangan Committee was tasked with suggesting a holistic approach for sustainable and equitable development and conservation of ecology in the – It had proposed that 37% of the total area of Western Ghats be declared Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA). you you know? know? Landslides, characteristics like steep terrain such as hilly or teep terrain such as hilly or mountainous areas mountainous areas, presence of joints presence of joints and fissures areas where surface runoff is directed or land is heavily saturated with water. usually, occur in areas having and fissures or Western Ghats Causes of Landslides Causes of Landslides Natural Causes: Natural Causes: Heavy Rainfall: Heavy Rainfall: Heavy rainfall is one of the most common triggers of landslides. It increases pore water pressure as well as the weight of soil by making it saturated. Heavy Rainfall in NorthEast India Heavy Rainfall in NorthEast India Syllabus: GS1/Geography Syllabus: GS1/Geography Erosion: Erosion: Clay and vegetation present within the soil or rock act as cohesive elements and help bind particles together. Due to removal of these cohesive elements, erosion makes an area more prone to landslides. Context Context The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued a red alert for Assam and Meghalaya for heavy rainfall. Reasons for High Rainfall in NE region: Reasons for High Rainfall in NE region: Earthquakes: Earthquakes: Intense ground shaking due to earthquakes causes instability in rocks and soils, thus triggering landslides. Influence of the South Influence of the South- -West Monsoon Winds: South-West Monsoon (June to September) is the main contributor to rainfall in India. West Monsoon Winds: The Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic Eruptions: Ash and debris deposited by volcanic eruptions overload slopes while the accompanied seismic activity causes instability. When these moisture-laden winds blow from the Bay of Bengal, they directly hit the North Eastern hills and valleys. Anthropogenic Causes Anthropogenic Causes Orographic Rainfall (Topographic Effect): Orographic Rainfall (Topographic Effect): The Eastern Himalayas, including hills of Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and others, act as a barrier. Deforestation: Deforestation: By holding soils as well as obstructing the flow of falling debris, vegetation cover plays an important role in preventing landslides in any area. Deforestation takes away this preventive cover and increases vulnerability to landslides. When the monsoon winds rise over these hills, the air cools and condenses, leading to heavy rainfall. Encroachment in Vulnerable Terrains: Encroachment in Vulnerable Terrains: Of late, humans have been encroaching in landslide-prone areas such as hilly terrains. This has led to increased construction activities in these areas and increased chances of landslides. Proximity to the Bay of Bengal: Proximity to the Bay of Bengal: The region is very close to the Bay of Bengal, which is a major source of moisture. 13 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 These maps help in planning safer land use, infrastructure development, preparedness. Un Uncontrolled Excavation: controlled Excavation: Unauthorized or poorly planned excavation activities, such as mining, quarrying, etc destabilize slopes and increase the chances of landslides. and disaster Early Warning system: Early Warning system: Efforts have been made towards better prediction of weather. E.g. Ensemble Prediction System. This will help predict disasters like landslides. Landslide Vulnerability in India Landslide Vulnerability in India India is highly prone to landslides due to its tectonic position. Way Ahead Way Ahead The northward movement of the Indian landmass The northward movement of the Indian landmass at a rate of 5 cm/year accumulates stress accumulates stress to which natural disasters like landslides are attributed. Comprehensive Hazard Zonation: Comprehensive Hazard Zonation: Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps should be updated regularly using advanced tools like LiDAR, drones, and GIS LiDAR, drones, and GIS- -based techniques techniques. based The Landslide Atlas of India The Landslide Atlas of India released by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) listed some of the country’s most vulnerable areas. Reforestation Reforestation Restoration: Restoration: Afforestation drives using native species and slope stabilization using bioengineering techniques can help reduce erosion and soil instability. and and Ecosystem Ecosystem India is among the top five landslide countries countries in the world. top five landslide- -prone prone Apart from snow-covered areas, around 12.6% of India is vulnerable India is vulnerable. 12.6% of Climate Climate- -Responsive Adaptation: Responsive Adaptation: As climate change increases the frequency of intense rainfall events, localized adaptation strategies such as building resilient infrastructure and improving drainage systems are critical. Among them around 66.5% are in the north-western Himalayas, 18.8% are in the n 18.8% are in the north Himalayas Himalayas and around 14.7% are in the Western Ghats region. orth- -eastern eastern Kerch Strait Kerch Strait Measures taken by India Measures taken by India Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, Locations Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, Locations The Disaster Management Act, of 2005 The Disaster Management Act, of 2005 provides a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for the management of various disasters including landslides. In News In News Ukraine says it hit Kerch Strait Bridge Kerch Strait Bridge also known as the Crimean Bridge Crimean Bridge with underwater explosives. The National Landslide Risk Management Strategy The National Landslide Risk Management Strategy (2019) (2019) covers all aspects of landslide disaster risk reduction and management, such as hazard mapping, monitoring, and early warning systems. Opened in 2018 Opened in 2018, the Kerch Bridge bridge that connects the Russian mainland with Crimea, crossing over the Kerch Strait. over the Kerch Strait. Kerch Bridge is a road and rail Location: Location: The Kerch Strait is a narrow waterway that connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea. The National Disaster Management Authority The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) (NDMA) has issued Guidelines on Landslide Hazard Management (2009) that outline the steps that should be taken to reduce the risk of landslides. Geography Geography: It is approximately 4 kilometers About Kerch Strait Kerch Strait About wide at its narrowest point and serves as a crucial shipping lane. The National Institute of Disaster Management The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) (NIDM) has been providing capacity building and other support to various national and state-level disaster management authorities. Control and Access: Control and Access: Since Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, it has gained control over the entire Kerch Strait area, including the waters and surrounding infrastructure, including the Kerch Bridge. Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps (LHZM): Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps (LHZM): The Geological Survey of India (GSI) and the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) have developed hazard zonation maps to identify landslide-prone areas. 14 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Left-bank tributaries include the Burhidihing and Kopili. River River- -Linking Projects: Linking Projects: Manas Manas- -Sankosh Sankosh- -Teesta Brahmaputra to Ganga via Sankosh & Teesta. Teesta- -Ganga Link: Ganga Link: Connects Jogighopa Jogighopa- -Teesta via Jogighopa Barrage to Farakka on Ganga. Teesta- -Farakka Link: Farakka Link: Links Brahmaputra Host Riverine Island: Host Riverine Island: It hosts Majuli, the world’s largest river island, and Umananda, the smallest river island in the world, both located in Assam. Brahmaputra Flow in India and Impact of Chinese Brahmaputra Flow in India and Impact of Chinese Dams Dams Syllabus: GS1/Geography Syllabus: GS1/Geography How Could Chinese Dams Affect the Brahmaputra in How Could Chinese Dams Affect the Brahmaputra in India? India? In Context In Context India is closely monitoring Chinese infrastructure projects on the Brahmaputra River, particularly hydropower developments, due to their potential impact on downstream regions such as Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Hydrological Impact: Hydrological Impact: The Chinese dams may alter natural water flow patterns, affecting seasonal water availability. Example: Example: Medog Hydropower Project (proposed 60,000 MW) near the ‘Great Bend’ of the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet. Brahmaputra River System Brahmaputra River System A sudden release of water or temporary water retention can exacerbate floods or worsen dry spells in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, especially during the lean season. Ecological Disruptions: Ecological Disruptions: Reduced sediment flow, altered flood regimes, and biodiversity loss. Example: Example: The Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros, depends on regular flooding of the Brahmaputra for ecological regeneration. The Brahmaputra River Brahmaputra River originates in the Kailash ranges ranges at 5,150 m elevation, flows 2,900 km in total, including 916 km in India. Kailash Strategic & Geopolitical Risk: Strategic & Geopolitical Risk: Gives China a perceived upper hand in water diplomacy; potential tool for coercion. Like during the 2017 Doklam standoff standoff, China withheld hydrological data on the Brahmaputra, which it is obligated to share under a bilateral agreement. 2017 Doklam It originates as Yarlung Tsangpo Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet . Its basin spans across Tibet (China), Bhutan, India, Tibet (China), Bhutan, India, and Bangladesh. and Bangladesh. In India, it covers Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Sikkim. Economic Consequences: Economic Consequences: Uncertainty in water flow can affect irrigation, agriculture, and hydropower generation downstream. It enters India near Gelling in Arunachal Pradesh. Example: Example: Any disruption in Subansiri and Siang tributaries, where India has planned large hydropower projects (e.g., Lower Subansiri Hydro Project), can delay infrastructure timelines or reduce output. The river, which is called Siang in Arunacha joined by many tributaries in Assam as it flows down the plains before entering Bangladesh, where it is called Jamuna Jamuna. Siang in Arunachal, is Tributaries: Tributaries: Key right-bank tributaries include the Lohit, Dibang, Subansiri, and Teesta. 15 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Decline in Fertility Rate: Decline in Fertility Rate: TFR is now 1.9, replacement level of 2.1. 2.1. Inter Inter- -State Tensions in India: State Tensions in India: Unpredictable flow from upstream may aggravate water-sharing conflicts between Indian states. 1.9, below the Among the states that had fertility rates higher than national average were Bihar (2.98), Meghalaya Bihar (2.98), Meghalaya (2.9), Uttar Pradesh (2.35), Jharkhand (2. (2.9), Uttar Pradesh (2.35), Jharkhand (2.26), and Manipur (2.2). Manipur (2.2). China’s Contributio China’s Contribution Vs India’s Share n Vs India’s Share 26), and Multiple expert studies (e.g., by PK Saxena and Teerath Mehra) indicate that China contributes only 22–30% of Brahmaputra’s annual discharge. 70–78% of the river’s flow is generated within India, primarily due to monsoonal rainfall and tributary inflows in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Hydrologically, China’s control over the river’s headwaters has limited influence on its overall flow in India. Even to address water scarcity, two river-linking projects have been proposed: the Manas Teesta Teesta- -Ganga Link Ganga Link and the Jogighopa Farakka Link Farakka Link. Demographic Composition: Demographic Composition: Manas- -Sankos Jogighopa- -Teesta Sankosh h- - Teesta- - Working Working- -age population age population (15–64 years): 68% Children Children (0–14 years): 24% Way Forward Way Forward Youth Youth (10–24 years): 26% India should conduct detailed scientific studies detailed scientific studies and develop an adaptive strategy adaptive strategy to assess the impact of Chinese projects on the Brahmaputra. Elderly Elderly (65+ years): 7% (expected to rise) What is the Real Fertility Crisis? What is the Real Fertility Crisis? The real fertility crisis lies not in overpopulation or underpopulation, underpopulation, but in the inability of individuals to achieve their reproductive goals. overpopulation or It must strengthen diplomatic efforts strengthen diplomatic efforts to access hydrological data and establish data-sharing protocols with China for early warnings and disaster preparedness. It calls for reproductive agency reproductive agency—the freedom to make informed choices regarding sex, contraception, and family planning. India can use forums like BIMSTEC, SCO, and Quad to internationalize the issue and press for sustainable and equitable transboundary river management. Total Fertility Rate ( Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years. – A TFR of 2.1 2.1 is considered the replacement level needed to maintain a stable population. TFR) UNFPA State of World Population 2025 UNFPA State of World Population 2025 Syllabus: GS1/ Human Geography Syllabus: GS1/ Human Geography Context Context Reasons for Population Decline Reasons for Population Decline India’s population has reached an estimated 146.39 crore by April 2025, according to the United Nations report titled “State of the World Population 2025: report titled “State of the World Population 2025: The Real Fe The Real Fertility Crisis.” rtility Crisis.” Access to Reproductive Healthcare: Access to Reproductive Healthcare: Contraceptive use and maternal health services have expanded. United Nations Female Education & Empowerment: Female Education & Empowerment: Increased female literacy and workforce participation delay childbirth. India’s Status as per the 2025 Report India’s Status as per the 2025 Report Current Population Status: Current Population Status: India is the world’s most populous country with 146.39 crore 146.39 crore people, surpassing China (141.61 crore). China (141.61 crore). Urbanization: Urbanization: Urban lifestyles reduce family size due to cost and space constraints. Econ Economic Uncertainty: omic Uncertainty: Rising cost of living and job instability discourage large families. The population is expected to peak at 170 crore crore before beginning to decline in approximately 40 years. 40 years. 170 Significance of the Population decline Significance of the Population decline 16 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Population Stabilization: Population Stabilization: A TFR of 2.0 indicates India is approaching population stabilization, which can ease pressure on natural resources, public services, and the environment. Context Context Recently, a climate study found that if the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) (AMOC) collapses, Europe could face a dramatic and prolonged winter freeze, even in a world warmed by greenhouse gas emissions. Atlantic Improved Maternal health: Improved Maternal health: Fewer childbirths per woman, coupled with delayed age of marriage, lead to reduced maternal mortality, better child care, and healthier families. About Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation About Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) (AMOC) It is one of the most powerful and complex systems driving Earth’s climate. driving Earth’s climate. Women Empowerment: Women Empowerment: Lower fertility rates reflect higher education levels, workforce participation, and greater autonomy among women, leading to better social and economic outcomes. It is often likened to a giant conveyor belt transports warm surface waters warm surface waters from the tropics northward and re returns cold turns cold, dense water southward at depth. conveyor belt that What are the concerns? What are the concerns? Ageing Population: Ageing Population: A rise in the elderly population will increase the dependency on the working population, demanding increased focus on pension, healthcare, and social welfare systems. It regulates temperatures across the Atlantic temperatures across the Atlantic basin basin and plays a vital role in global climate stability, sea stability, sea- -level patterns, and marine ecosystems. level patterns, and marine ecosystems. global climate Potential for Skewed Sex Ratios: Potential for Skewed Sex Ratios: In certain areas, fertility reduction without tackling gender bias can exacerbate sex-selective practices, leading to imbalanced sex ratios. Demographic Imbalance: Demographic Imbalance: States with vast fertility differences, potentially leading to interstate migration, cultural shifts, and resource strain in low-TFR states. Global scenario Global scenario – In Japan In Japan the median age is over 48 years. led to prolonged economic stagnation, shrinking workforce, and increased public spending on pensions and healthcare. –China’s one China’s one- -child policy child policy, enforced from 1979 to 2015, significantly lowered the birth rate, leading to a rapidly aging population. – South Kor South Korea ea has one of the world’s lowest fertility rates, at 0.78 as of 2022. rates, at 0.78 as of 2022. 48 years. This has Working of AMOC Working of AMOC The AMOC is a key component key component of the global thermohaline circulation thermohaline circulation. global Warm, salty water Warm, salty water flows northward the Gulf Stream Gulf Stream. As it reaches higher latitudes, it cools and becomes denser, sinking into the deep ocean and flowing back south. northward via currents like world’s lowest fertility It helps distribute heat and nutrients distribute heat and nutrients across the globe, influencing weather patterns from the Amazon to the Arctic. Concluding remarks Concluding remarks India stands at a demographic crossroads. demographic crossroads. The decline in fertility is a testament to social progress in education, healthcare, and gender empowerment. Slowing of AMOC and the Tipping Point Slowing of AMOC and the Tipping Point Recent studies suggest that the AMOC has weakened significantly since the mid-20th century, and is expected to slow by 18 expected to slow by 18– –43% by 2100. However, as the focus shifts from population control to reproductive rights and demographic control to reproductive rights and demographic balance balance, India must prepare for a future that balances economic productivity, social support systems, and individual reproductive choices. population 43% by 2100. It is primar primarily driven the influx of freshwater influx of freshwater from melting Greenland ice, which disrupts the salinity and density disrupts the salinity and density gradients gradients that power the current. ily driven by climate change, particularly Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circul Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) ation (AMOC) 17 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 AMOC may be approaching a tipping point, approaching a tipping point, beyond which its collapse could trigger abrupt and irreversible climate shifts. Hodeidah Port Hodeidah Port Syllabus: GS1/ Places in Syllabus: GS1/ Places in News News AMOC has two potential tipping points AMOC has two potential tipping points — one linked to salt transport feedback salt transport feedback and another to deep ocean convection ocean convection. deep In News In News Israel conducted its first-ever naval strike on Yemen’s Hodeidah Port, targeting two key piers. Climate Tipping Points Climate Tipping Points – These are critical thresholds in Earth’s systems critical thresholds in Earth’s systems— once crossed, they can trigger self feedback loops feedback loops that lead to abrupt, irreversible, and potentially catastrophic changes. potentially catastrophic changes. – They occur when a small change small change in temperature or pressure pushes a system — like an ice sheet, rainforest, or ocean current — into a radically different state. Key Tipping Elements at Risk Key Tipping Elements at Risk – Recent assessments have identified at least 16 major Earth system components major Earth system components that are vulnerable to tipping to tipping, including: 1. Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets; 2. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC); 3. Amazon Rainforest Dieback; 4. Arctic Permafrost Thaw;Coral Reef Collapse; About Hodeidah Port About Hodeidah Port self- -reinforcing reinforcing abrupt, irreversible, and Location: Location: Yemen’s Hodeidah Port is situated on the western coast of Yemen, along the Red Sea on the Tihāmah coastal plain. Hist Historical Context: orical Context: The port has historical significance, having been shelled during the Italo- Ottoman War (1911–1912). Its location along the Red Sea has made it a focal point in regional power struggles identified at least 16 vulnerable Significance Significance: Hodeidah Port is the largest and most vital seaport for Yemen, facilitating the import of essential goods, including humanitarian aid, fuel, and commercial imports. Potential Consequences Potential Consequences Europe may face colder winters despite global warming, as warm currents fail to reach its shores. West Africa could see disrupted monsoon patterns, affecting agriculture and water security. Eastern North America might experience accelerated sea-level rise. The Amazon and South Asia could suffer from altered rainfall patterns, increasing drought risk. Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula Syllabus :GS1/Places, Geography Syllabus :GS1/Places, Geography In News In News New research supports the ‘Green Arabia’ hypothesis hypothesis, showing that the Ar Peninsula Peninsula experienced several humid phases over the last 8 million years. ‘Green Arabia’ Arabian abian These wet periods, confirmed by mineral cave formations (speleothems) formations (speleothems), turned the desert into a lush landscape lush landscape, allowing animals and early humans to migrate between Africa and Eurasia. mineral cave desert into a Arabia Peninsula Arabia Peninsula PLACES PLACES 18 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 It is a piece of land in southwestern Asia original homeland of the Arab people. It is also the birthplace of the religion of Islam. southwestern Asia. It is the It also includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Bahrain, and parts of Jordan and Iraq. It is bordered by the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf. The Arabian Desert covers almost all of the peninsula. The recent findings challenge the belief that Arabia was always barren and suggest it played a key role in human evolution and migration. This research also offers insights into how climate change has shaped, and could again shape, human history. Strait of Hormuz Strait of Hormuz Syllabus: GS1/Places in News Syllabus: GS1/Places in News Key ports located near the strait include: Key ports located near the strait include: Context Context Iran’s Bandar Abbas Iran’s Bandar Abbas– a major naval and commercial port. Iran Iran has reportedly threatened that it could consider closing the Strait of Hormuz amid the closing the Strait of Hormuz amid the ongoing conflict, raising eyebrows globally. ongoing conflict, raising eyebrows globally. UAE’s Fujairah Port UAE’s Fujairah Port– an important oil storage and shipping point. About About Oman’s Sohar Port Oman’s Sohar Port– used for trade and shipping reroutes. Strait of Hormuz Strait of Hormuz is a critical narrow waterway waterway between Iran and Oman the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian S Arabian Sea. ea. narrow Iran and Oman, and connects Qatar’s Ras Laffan Qatar’s Ras Laffan– a key port for liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. Approximately 20% of the world’s oil supply 20% of the world’s oil supply passes passes through it with nearly 83% of it destined for nearly 83% of it destined for Asian markets. Asian markets. A strait is a narrow passage of water that connects two larger bodies of water. two larger bodies of water. connects It is the ma It is the main shipping route for energy exports in shipping route for energy exports from major producers like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE. Much of India’s oil from key West Asian Much of India’s oil from key West Asian suppliers suppliers like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE reaches Indian ports via the Strait of Hormuz. A bulk of India’s LNG imports, which come predominantly from Qatar, also come through this vital choke point. The importance of the chokepoint for India’s energy supply and security cannot be understated. 19 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Youth Population: Youth Population: India has the largest youth population in the world. With more than 40 million million students in higher education and a GER (Gross Enrolment Ratio) of ~30% (Gross Enrolment Ratio) of ~30%, the demand for quality education is rising. GS 2 GS 2 40 GER EDUCATION EDUCATION How Will Foreign Universities Impact How Will Foreign Universities Impact Higher Education in India? Education in India? Higher Growing Middle Class: Growing Middle Class: Rising incomes and aspirations are making premium education more affordable for Indian families. Syllabus: GS2/ Education Syllabus: GS2/ Education Context Context The entry of several foreign universities into India, enabled by the UGC (Setting up and Operation of Campuses of Foreign Higher Educational Institutions in India) Regulations, 2023, marks a major development in Indian higher education. Regulatory Reforms: Regulatory Reforms: The FHEI Regulations 2023 permit top-ranking foreign universities to establish campuses in India with operational autonomy. NEP 2020 Goals: NEP 2020 Goals: The NEP promotes global partnerships, knowledge exchange, and academic excellence—creating a conducive policy ecosystem. Background Background Prominent foreign institutions are setting up branch campuses, mainly in GIFT City and Navi Mumbai. Mumbai. Benefits of Foreign University Campuses Benefits of Foreign University Campuses GIFT City and Navi Improved Academic Standards: Improved Academic Standards: Top foreign institutions are expected to bring global pedagogical practices, faculty training, interdisciplinary curriculum, and research orientation. NYU Abu Dhabi NYU Abu Dhabi and Yale notable successes—due to strong local partnerships, generous state support, and academic autonomy. Yale- -NUS in Singapore NUS in Singapore are International Degrees: International Degrees: Students who cannot afford to go abroad will be able to access international degrees at a lower cost in India. This move is in line with the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which encourages the internationalisation of education. internationalisation of education. National It also reduces the burden of foreign exchange outflows, as India annually loses around $60 billion billion to education abroad. Why Are Foreign Universities Entering India? Why Are Foreign Universities Entering India? $60 Push Factors in the West: Push Factors in the West: Curbing Brain Drain: Curbing Brain Drain: By providing high-quality opportunities within India, some students may prefer staying back, reducing the outflow of talent. Demogra Demographic Transition: phic Transition: Many Global North countries like the U.K., Canada, and Australia are witnessing declining domestic enrolments due to falling birth rates. Opportunities: Opportunities: These campuses could serve as hubs of industry-academia partnerships, especially in STEM, AI, climate sciences, fintech, and liberal arts. Pressures: Pressures: Public funding for higher education has declined in several Western countries. As a result, universities have turned to international students, who pay significantly higher tuition fees, to plug funding gaps. Innovation Ecosystems: Innovation Ecosystems: Locations like GIFT City and Navi Mumbai are being positioned as edu-economic hubs where students can access internships, entrepreneurship incubators, and global corporate networks. Recent Visa and Policy Changes: Recent Visa and Policy Changes: The U.K., Australia, and Canada have all introduced caps or tighter controls on international student visas due to rising migration and housing pressures, impacting their universities’ revenues. What are the Challenges? What are the Challenges? Limited Initial Impact: Limited Initial Impact: The scale will be small in the short to medium term—initial enrolments are likely initial enrolments are likely to be limited to be limited to a few thousand students per campus. Cuts: Cuts: Faced with reduced enrolments and income, many universities have begun downsizing, making the search for overseas markets like India more urgent. A Affordability Concerns: ffordability Concerns: If foreign campuses replicate their home-country fee structures, Pull Factor Pull Factors in India: s in India: 20 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Recently, the Delhi High Court has issued a ruling safeguarding the personality and publicity rights of the founder of Isha Foundation. accessibility for average Indian students may be low. Operational Hurdles: Operational Hurdles: Despite UGC’s liberalised norms, concerns remain over land acquisition, accreditation recognition, and faculty recruitment norms. It highlights the growing concerns over AI- generated deepfakes and unauthorized use of public figures’ identities. Precedents of Failure: Precedents of Failure: Several foreign campuses in Malaysia, UAE, and China have either shut down or failed to meet expectations due to low enrolments or cultural misalignment. About the Personality and Publicity Rights About the Personality and Publicity Rights Personality rights refer to an individual’s ability control the commercial use of their identity. These rights are often divided into two categories: an individual’s ability to two categories: Way Ahead Way Ahead Right to Privacy: Right to Privacy: Recognised under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Tiered Fee Structures: Tiered Fee Structures: To ensure inclusivity, campuses should be incentivised to offer scholarships, need-based financial aid, and differential pricing. Reinforced in the landmark Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) judgment v. Union of India (2017) judgment, which elevated privacy to the status of a fundamental right. Justice K.S. Puttaswamy Clear Quality Assurance Mechanisms: Clear Quality Assurance Mechanisms: UGC and NAAC should build robust oversight mechanisms to ensure foreign campuses uphold global standards while aligning with Indian values. Right to Publicity: Right to Publicity: Prevents unauthorized commercial use of a person’s identity. Elements of Personality Rights Elements of Personality Rights are name, image, likeness, voice, and signature etc. Strong Local Partnerships: Strong Local Partnerships: Foreign universities should be encouraged to collaborate with Indian HEIs, industry bodies, and research institutes to localise content and improve outreach. Concerns in Personality Righ Concerns in Personality Rights ts Lack of Comprehensive Legal Framework: Lack of Comprehensive Legal Framework: India does not have a dedicated law governing personality rights, relying instead on copyright, trademark, and privacy laws. Periodic Impact Assessments: Periodic Impact Assessments: A national-level impact monitoring mechanism should assess student satisfaction, research output, and employability outcomes of foreign branch campuses. The absence of clear statutory protections makes enforcement difficult. AI AI- -Generated Deep Generated Deepfakes & Digital Manipulation: fakes & Digital Manipulation: The rise of AI has led to the creation of deepfake videos and voice clones, allowing unauthorized use of a person’s identity. Concluding remarks Concluding remarks universities entering India is a transformational opportunity, but not a magic bullet. Their success will depend on affordability, inclusivity, and integration with India’s broader educational ecosystem. If navigated wisely, this move can catalyse India’s ambition of becoming a global knowledge hub, as envisioned by the NEP 2020. Commercial Exploitation Without Commercial Exploitation Without Consent: Consent: Celebrities and influencers often find their likeness used in advertisements without permission. The right to publicity is meant to prevent such misuse, but enforcement is inconsistent. GOVERNME GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION NT POLICY AND INTERVENTION Challenges in Enforcement: Challenges in Enforcement: Safeguarding Personality and Publicity Rights Safeguarding Personality and Publicity Rights Jurisdictional Issues: Jurisdictional Issues: Online violations often involve international platforms, making legal action complex. Syllabus: GS2/Government Policies & Interventions; Syllabus: GS2/Government Policies & Interventions; Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual Property Rights Context Context 21 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Syllabus: GS2/Government Policy & Intervention; Syllabus: GS2/Government Policy & Intervention; GS3/Environment GS3/Environment Balancing Free Speech & Protection: Balancing Free Speech & Protection: Courts must weigh freedom of expression against personality rights, especially in satire and parody cases. Context Context Rogue Websites & Social Media Violations: Rogue Websites & Social Media Violations: Websites that misuse personality rights can reappear under different names, making enforcement difficult. Recently, the Union sanctioned the establishment of 324 district FRA cells FRA cells and 17 state 17 state- -level FRA cells the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan to ‘facilitate’ implementation of Forest Rights Act, 2006. 2006. Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs Ministry of Tribal Affairs has 324 district- -level level level FRA cells under Legal & Constitutional Provisions. Legal & Constitutional Provisions. Forest Rights Act, Copyright Act, 1957: Copyright Act, 1957: It grants performers rights over their work, ensuring that their image and voice are not used without permission. What Are FRA Cells? What Are FRA Cells? Trade Marks Act, 1999: Trade Marks Act, 1999: It allows individuals to trademark their name or likeness, preventing unauthorized commercial use. FRA Cells are State and District-level administrative units created under the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan (DAJGUA) Utkarsh Abhiyaan (DAJGUA) to accelerate the implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006 Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA). (FRA). Tort of Passing Off: Tort of Passing Off: It prevents misleading commercial use of a person’s identity, ensuring that their reputation is not exploited. These cells are not created under the FRA 2006 not created under the FRA 2006 legislation legislation, but under an administrative scheme by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Advisories, guidelines, and IT rules: Advisories, guidelines, and IT rules: Though India lacks specific legislation for Artificial Intelligence (AI) , IT rules govern the advancement of AI, Generative AI, and Large Language Models (LLMs). The newly established FRA cells aim to facilitate the implementation of the FRA, particularly in districts FRA, particularly in districts and states and states where a large number of claims remain large number of claims remain pending. pending. Judicial Precedents Judicial Precedents Jackie Shroff Case (2024): Jackie Shroff Case (2024): Delhi HC restrained unauthorised use of his persona by AI chatbots and e-commerce platforms. These cells also aim to assist claimants and Gram to assist claimants and Gram Sabhas Sabhas in preparing paperwork for FRA claims, managing data efficiently, and streamline administrative processes. Krishna Kishore Singh v. Sarla A. Saraogi (2021): Krishna Kishore Singh v. Sarla A. Saraogi (2021): SC held that publicity rights are distinct from privacy rights and can outlive the individual. These also aim to accelerate the disposal of pending claims, especially those delayed even after District Level Level Committee (DLC) Committee (DLC) approval. District Arun Jaitley v. Network Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Arun Jaitley v. Network Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (2011): (2011): Delhi HC acknowledged the commercial significance of one’s name, especially in the digital space. These cells will not interfere with decisions not interfere with decisions made by the Gram Sabha, Sub-Divisional Level Committees (SDLCs), District Level Committees (DLCs), or State government departments. Global Perspective Global Perspective Current Status Current Status The World Intellectual Property Organization World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (WIPO) recognizes personality rights as an essential part of intellectual property law. About 14.45% of the 51.11 lakh FRA c 14.45% of the 51.11 lakh FRA claims 21 states and union territories remain pending laims across pending. Many countries, including the United States and European nations European nations, have specific statutes governing publicity rights, ensuring individuals can control how their identity is used commercially. United States and Least FRA Pendency: Least FRA Pendency: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand However, in Assam (over 60%), Assam (over 60%), and in Telangana (around 50.27%) (around 50.27%) claims are pending. Telangana Ensuring Likeness, Voice, and Image Security Act of Ensuring Likeness, Voice, and Image Security Act of 2024 (ELVIS Act) 2024 (ELVIS Act) was passed in the State of Tennessee, USA Tennessee, USA to protect musicians from unauthorised use of their voice, i.e. ‘soundalikes’. State of The highest number of district FRA highest number of district FRA cells so far has been in Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, followed by Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Assam, and Jharkhand. cells sanctioned District & State Level Cells: Forest Rights Act, 2006 District & State Level Cells: Forest Rights Act, 2006 22 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 month, particularly during the second and third trimesters. About the About the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 It is officially known as the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recogn Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 Forest Rights) Act, 2006. Scheduled Tribes and ition of The PMSMA aligns with the broader goals of the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health plus Nutrition (RMNCAH+N) Adolescent Health plus Nutrition (RMNCAH+N) strategy strategy under the Nat National Health Mission (NHM). ional Health Mission (NHM). It was enacted to recognize the rights of Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs) (OTFDs) over forest land. rights of Scheduled This has led to a significant improvement in India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), which declined from 130 per lakh live births in 2014-16 to 80 per lakh live births in 2021-23—a notable reduction of 50 points. India’s It ensures that Scheduled Tribes (STs) and other Scheduled Tribes (STs) and other traditional forest dwellers traditional forest dwellers can legally access an manage forest resources manage forest resources while contributing to biodiversity conservation. legally access and d It impacts an estimated 150 million forest-dwelling people, 40 million hectares of land, and 1,70,000 villages. Concerns Over New FRA Cells Concerns Over New FRA Cells Parallel Governance: Parallel Governance: Creation of FRA cells outside the statutory FRA framework may lead to a dual structure, diluting accountability. Lack of Legal Backing: Lack of Legal Backing: The FRA cells have no statutory authority, unlike SDLCs and DLCs. Extended PMSM Extended PMSMA (E A (E- -PMSMA) PMSMA) About: About: Launched in 2022 to ensure tracing and tracking of High-Risk Pregnant (HRP) women till a safe delivery is achieved by provisioning financial incentivization for the identified HRP women. Potential Duplication: Potential Duplication: May lead to bureaucratic overlap, blurring of accountability HEALTH HEALTH Features: Features: Name-based line listing of HRPs. Provision of additional PMSMA Session (Max 4 times in a month). Individual tracking of HRP up to a healthy outcome (till 45th day after delivery). Nine years of Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Nine years of Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan Abhiyan SMS alert to beneficiary as well as to the ASHA for registration of HRP & follow-up visits. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS2/ Health GS2/ Health In Context In Context Integration with Nationa Integration with National Health Policies l Health Policies As of now, 6.19 crore pregnant women have been examined under Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA). PMSMA complements other existing programs of the government like: Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Launched to incentivize institutional deliveries through conditional cash transfers. This scheme has benefitted over 11.07 crore women as of March 2025. About Pradhan Mantri Surakshi About Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) (PMSMA) t Matritva Abhiyan Launched in June 2016 Launched in June 2016, it is a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK): (JSSK): Launched to promote free institutional delivery and neonatal care. More than 16.60 crore beneficiaries have been served since 2014–15 It was designed to provide assured, comprehensive, and quality antenatal care (ANC) services free of and quality antenatal care (ANC) services free of cost cost to all pregnant women on the 9th of every assured, comprehensive, 23 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Patent Law Amendments: Patent Law Amendments: India’s 1970 Patents Act originally allowed only process patents process patents, enabling generic drug manufacturing. LaQshya: LaQshya: Initiative for improving quality of care in labour rooms. Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN): Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN): Launched to strengthen respectful and quality care for pregnant women. 90,015 SUMAN health facilities have been notified across the country by March 2025. Hence, India became the “pharmacy of the world” producing affordable medicines. “pharmacy of the world” by Safeguards Against Monopoly Abuse: Safeguards Against Monopoly Abuse: India’s law includes anti anti- -evergreen evergreening provisions (Section ing provisions (Section 3(d)) 3(d)) to prevent companies from extending monopoly through minor modifications. POSHAN Abhiyaan: POSHAN Abhiyaan: Launched to target the most vulnerable—children, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers—by revamping the nutrition services. As of present, there are 6.97 crore Pshan Pakhwadas across the country. It also allows for pre patents. pre- - and post and post- -grant opposition grant opposition to TRIPS Agreement and Flexibilities TRIPS Agreement and Flexibilities Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): (PMMVY): Launched to promote institutional delivery and ensuring maternal health, the scheme provides direct cash benefits of ₹5,000 to pregnant and lactating women. India became a member of the World Trade Organization (W Organization (WTO) TO) and was required to align its intellectual property laws with the TRIPS Agreement (Trade Agreement (Trade- -Related Aspects of Intellectual Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Property Rights), which came into effect in 1995. World Trade TRIPS 1995. Demand for Compulsory Licensing for Rare Disease Demand for Compulsory Licensing for Rare Disease The TRIPS Agreement provides for the compulsory licensing (CL). Syllabus: GS2/ Health Syllabus: GS2/ Health Context Context India amended its India amended its Patents Act in 2005, Patents Act in 2005, allowing for both product and process patents in the pharmaceutical sector. A growing number of rare disease patients in India are urging the government to invoke the compulsory licensing provision under the Indian Patents Act, 1970. Patents Act, 1970. Indian These patents are now valid for a period of 20 years years from the date of filing. 20 About About The Doha Declaration The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health (2001) further clarified that: Compulsory licensing is a legal tool under Section 84 of the Indian Patents Act, 1970 84 of the Indian Patents Act, 1970, which allows the government or any third party to manufacture a patented product or use a patented process without the consent of the patent owner the consent of the patent owner in certain conditions. Section Countries may issue a compulsory license in the interest of public health emergencies, public health emergencies, although the presence of an emergency is not a mandatory condition. condition. without not a mandatory Each country has the sovereign right to determine sovereign right to determine the grounds the grounds on which it can issue a compulsory license. It aims to protect public health and access to public health and access to affordable medicines. affordable medicines. A compulsory license in India A compulsory license in India can be granted three years years after a patent is issued if: three The patent holder must be compensated through the payment of “adequate remuneration, “adequate remuneration,” the amount of which is to be determined by the issuing country based on the economic value of the license. The patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price. The reasonable requirements of the public are not being satisfied. A waiver in 2003 A waiver in 2003, later made permanent in 2017, 2017, allowed countries to import affordable drugs produced under CL drugs produced under CL from other nations. import affordable The invention is not being worked on in the territory of India. This created a legal route for cross-border access to affordable medicines. Legal Policy Landscape Legal Policy Landscape 24 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 India formally submitted its application for Rinderpest Holding Facility status in 2019. Rinderpest Holding Facility status in 2019. What are Rare Diseases? What are Rare Diseases? – Rare diseases, also known as orphan diseases, conditions that occur infrequently within a population. 1. They are characterized by three key They are characterized by three key markers: markers: Total number of people with the disease, Prevalence and Availability /Non-availability of treatment options. – The World Health Organization (WHO) The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a rare disease as a condition that affects a small percentage of the population, typically fewer than 1 in 1,000 to 2,000 people. Initiatives taken for rare diseases in India Initiatives taken for rare diseases in India – National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), 2021: National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), 2021: It was launched in 2021, 2021, under which financial assistance up to Rs 50 lakh is provided to patients receiving treatment at an identified Centre of Excellence (CoE). – The Health Ministry has opened a Digital Portal for Crowdfunding & Voluntary Donations for Crowdfunding & Voluntary Donations with information about patients and their rare diseases. 1. Donors can choose the CoE and patient treatments they wish to support. – Each Centre of Excellence (CoE) Centre of Excellence (CoE) also has its own Rare Disease Fund Rare Disease Fund, which is used with approval from its governing authority. – The Department of Pharmaceuticals has launched the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Pharmaceuticals, offering financial incentives to selected manufacturers for domestic production of orphan drugs. orphan drugs. orphan diseases, are A joint inspection of ICAR-NIHSAD was conducted in 2025 by international experts appointed by FAO 2025 by international experts appointed by FAO and WOAH. and WOAH. Following a comprehensive evaluation, the institute has now been officially approved as a Category A has now been officially approved as a Category A RHF for a one RHF for a one- -year term. year term. institute This recognition places India among a distinguis group of only six facilities worldwide group of only six facilities worldwide entrusted with the critical responsibility of securely holding critical responsibility of securely holding rinderpest virus material. rinderpest virus material. distinguished hed The other five facilities are located in the UK, USA, France, Japan, and Ethiopia. France, Japan, and Ethiopia. UK, USA, Rinderpest Rinderpest Digital Portal Rinderpest, once known as cat the most destructive livestock diseases most destructive livestock diseases in history before its global eradication in 2011. global eradication in 2011. cattle plague, tle plague, was one of However, Rinderpest Virus-Containing Material (RVCM) still remains in a few laboratories, posing potential risks if released. potential risks if released. few laboratories, posing To preserve global freedom from the disease, FAO and WOAH have implemented strict measures to limit the storage of RVCM limit the storage of RVCM to a small number of high- security laboratories worldwide. strict measures to domestic production of Rethinking Alcohol Control in India Rethinking Alcohol Control in India Syllabus: GS2/Health Syllabus: GS2/Health In News In News India joins Elite group of Rinderpest Virus ‘Cattle India joins Elite group of Rinderpest Virus ‘Cattle Plague’ Containment Plague’ Containment India has recorded one of the highest rates of heavy episodic alcohol drinking, with lakhs needing clinical and social support. Syllabus: GS2/He Syllabus: GS2/Health alth Context Context Present status Present status India has joined the elite global group for Rinderpest Virus ‘Cattle Plague’ Containment Rinderpest Virus ‘Cattle Plague’ Containment, as ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal has been designated as Category A Rinderpest Holding Facility. Category A Rinderpest Holding Facility. Alcohol and alcoholic beverages contain ethanol, which is a psychoactive and toxic substance with dependence-producing properties. Alcohol has been widely used in many cultures for centuries, but it is associated with significant health risks and harms. About About It has been recognised by the World Organisation for Animal Health for Animal Health – WOAH and the Food and Agriculture Organization Agriculture Organization– FAO of the United Nations. World Organisation Food and The safe level of alcohol consumption is zero, yet 23% of Indian men 23% of Indian men and 1% of women consume alcohol (NFHS alcohol (NFHS- -5). 5). 1% of women consume Reasons for Consumption Reasons for Consumption 25 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 with policies such as affordable pricing and marketing traditional beverages. Alcohol use is influenced by a complex mix of biopsychosocial, commercial, and policy factors. biopsychosocial, commercial, and policy factors. Biologically Biologically, some people are genetically prone to addiction, while psychologically and socially, stress relief, peer pressure, and media portrayals normalize drinking. Vari Various Policies ous Policies Alcohol was initially excluded from India’s 2012 National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Substances but was later included in the 2021-22 National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction under Nasha Mukta Bharat Abhiyan. Nasha Mukta Bharat Abhiyan. 2012 Commercially Commercially, the industry targets new and younger consumers with diverse products, surrogate advertising, promotions, and strategic placements, often amplified by social media. The National National Mental Health Policy (NMHP) Mental Health Policy (NMHP) 2014 2014 recognised the role of alcohol in mental illness and suicide prevention and suggested the need for a specific action plan. Easy access Easy access is ensured through widespread liquor store locations and attractive packaging, while pricing makes alcohol affordable for both rural lower-income groups and urban middle classes. The National Health Policy (NHP) National Health Policy (NHP) 2017 2017 mentioned curbing alcohol use curbing alcohol use through higher taxation. taxation. higher Policy Policy- -wise, regulation, resisting stricter laws by highlighting its revenue contributions, and circumvents advertising bans through covert marketing tactics. wise, the alcohol industry heavily influences The National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS) National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS) 2022 2022 identified alcohol as a major risk factor for suicides suicides, advocating for a national alcohol control policy and measures to limit alcohol accessibility. major risk factor for Impacts of Alcohol Consumption Impacts of Alcohol Consumption Health Impact: Alcohol use significantly increases Health Impact: Alcohol use significantly increases risks of injuries risks of injuries, mental illness, non-communicable diseases like cancer, and is linked to aggression, crime, suicides, and risky behavior. The National Action Plan and Monitoring National Action Plan and Monitoring Framework for Pre Framework for Prevention and Control of vention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (NMAP) Noncommunicable Diseases (NMAP) 2017-2022 also echoed the call for a national alcohol policy. Economic Impact: Economic Impact: While states earn heavily through excise duty (~₹2.5 lakh crore annually), the social cost of alcohol outweighs this gain, according to NITI Aayog estimates. Issues and Concerns Issues and Concerns The national policies address specific issues like drunk driving or supply-chain regulation but India currently lacks a comprehensive, unified national alcohol regulation policy. Workplace absenteeism, job loss, and decreased efficiency are major outcomes. The efforts to reduce alcohol demand and supply are fragmented across various Central ministries and States. Social Impact: Social Impact: NCRB reports reveal a high correlation between alcohol use and cases of domestic abuse, marital rape, and child neglect. The GST Act excludes liquor from sales tax, leaving alcohol taxation largely to States, often under vague excise policies. Easy availability, peer pressure, and glorification on social media have led to a rise in underage drinking, particularly in metros. Suggestions and Way Forward Suggestions and Way Forward Regulation Status Regulation Status Regulating alcohol in India is urgent but complex due to its ties with State revenues, social norms, and politics. Alcohol regulation in India falls under State jurisdiction jurisdiction, granting each State authority over legislation, excise taxes, supply chain, licensing and manufacturing, sale and consumption restrictions, prohibition, and pricing. State A comprehensive, evidence-based, and equitable systems approach is needed. Key measures include Some States like Bihar, Gujarat, Mizoram, and Nagaland enforce prohibition, while others like Andhra Pradesh and Kerala promote alcohol sales Pricing alcohol to deter misuse Pricing alcohol to deter misuse without encouraging illicit liquor, earmarking health taxes for public health 26 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Nutritional Superiority: Nutritional Superiority: Insects are high in digestible protein protein, essential amino acids, fats, and micronutrients (e.g., z zinc, iron, calcium inc, iron, calcium). Restricting alcohol availability Restricting alcohol availability in daily environments, high in digestible Regulating digital and influencer Regulating digital and influencer- -driven enforcing plain packaging and warning labels, driven advertising, They serve as natural components of the diets of many fish and poultry species. Increasing public awareness Increasing public awareness of alcohol’s health risks, and using AI to control online alcohol content and misinformation. Economic Viability: Economic Viability: Studies suggest insect-based feed has a better benefit better benefit- -to to- -cost ratio conventional fishmeal or soybean meal. cost ratio than A unified National Alcohol Control Policy is essential to prioritize public health over profits and ensure long-term well-being. Local production of insect-based feed reduces dependency on expensive imports of protein-rich feed ingredients. Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) with Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) with Insect Insect- -Based Livestock Feed Based Livestock Feed Efforts Against Antimicrobial Resistance Efforts Against Antimicrobial Resistance Syllabus: GS2/ Health Syllabus: GS2/ Health Global Efforts: Global Efforts: Context Context Global Action Plan (GAP) on Antimicrobial Global Action Plan (GAP) on Antimicrobial Resistance: Resistance: Nations adopted the framework set out in the Global Action Plan (GAP) 2015 to address AMR through a coordinated and “One Health” approach. In light of growing concerns over antibiotic overuse in animal husbandry, India is advancing insect- based feed innovations through ICAR-led partnerships to create AMR-resilient food systems. Antimicrobial Awareness Week (WAAW): Antimicrobial Awareness Week (WAAW): It is a global campaign that aims to raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. What is Antimicrobial Resistance? What is Antimicrobial Resistance? Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making no longer respond to medicines making infections infections harder to treat harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death. Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS): Surveillance System (GLASS): WHO launched it in 2015 2015 to continue filling knowledge gaps and to inform strategies at all levels. in Nearly 700,000 people die of AMR every year. 700,000 people die of AMR every year. The toll can rise to as many as 10 million by 2050 eat up 3.8 per cent of annual global gross domestic product (GDP). Global Antibiotic Research and Development Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP): Partnership (GARDP): A joint initiative of WHO and the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), GARDP encourages research and development through public-private partnerships. 10 million by 2050 and How How does traditional Livestock feed contribute to does traditional Livestock feed contribute to AMR? AMR? Indian Initiatives: Indian Initiatives: Over 50% of all antibiotics globally are consumed in animal agriculture. These are used not just to treat diseases but also to promote growth. National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP (NAP- -AMR): AMR): It has a focus on the One Health approach & was launched with the aim of involving various stakeholders ministries/departments. However, the constant exposure of gut bacteria in animals to antibiotics fosters the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can spread to humans through the food chain, water, soil, and direct contact. AMR Surveillance Network: AMR Surveillance Network: Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) established the AMR surveillance and research network (AMRSN) to generate evidence and capture trends and patterns of drug resistant infections in the country. Significance of Insect Significance of Insect- -Based Feed Based Feed India’s Red Line campaign: India’s Red Line campaign: Which demands that prescription-only antibiotics be marked with a red line, to discourage the over-the-counter sale of antibiotics– is a step forward. Curbing AMR: Curbing AMR: Insects contain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (AMPs) such as defensins and cecropins, which naturally boost immunity in animals and reduce disease incidence, thereby reducing antibiotic use. antimicrobial peptides 27 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) across all forms of media. This aligns with the “E” (Enforce (Enforce bans) in MPOWER bans) in MPOWER and is a critical step in reducing tobacco appeal. National Antibiotic Consumption Network (NAC National Antibiotic Consumption Network (NAC- - NET): NET): The network sites compile data on antibiotic consumption in their respective health facilities and send it to National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). “E” Tobacco Tax: Tobacco Tax: A critical finding is that tobacco tax remains the least least- -adopted MPOWER measure adopted MPOWER measure globally. globally. This is a significant concern as increasing tobacco taxes is widely recognized as one of the most effective ways to reduce consumption, especially among youth and lower-income groups. The Kerala Kerala Drug Control Department launched Operation AMRITH (Antimicrobial Operation AMRITH (Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention for Resistance Intervention for Total Health) the overuse of antibiotics in the state. Total Health) to prevent Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks Tobacco Consumption Tobacco Consumption The AMR crisis is no longer a future threat—it is a present and growing danger that challenges the very foundation of modern medicine, agriculture, and global development. Tobacco use claims over seven million lives a year, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries. Transitioning to insect-based livestock feed offers a transformative opportunity to not only curb the misuse of antibiotics but also reduce the environmental footprint of food systems. India is the world’s second world’s second- -large after China. largest tobacco st tobacco producer India is the 4th largest producer 4th largest producer of Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco in the world after China, Brazil and Zimbabwe. 10th WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 10th WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic Syllabus: GS2/ Health Syllabus: GS2/ Health Tobacco use is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in India, such as cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses, accounting for over 1.35 million deaths each year. In News In News WHO has released the 10th edition of its Global Tobacco Epidemic Report, assessing progress in tobacco control since the launch of the MPOWER strategy in 2008. Significant progress has been made to reduce tobacco use in countries with the highest burden of tobacco consumption over the last two decades. The report notes significant global progress, with over 6.1 billion people now protected by at least one of the six MPOWER measures. Key strategies include the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and the six proven World Health Organization (WHO) MPOWER tobacco control measures to reduce tobacco use: Key Findings of the Report Key Findings of the Report Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies; Widespread Impact: Widespread Impact: Since 2007, 155 countries have implemented at least one of the MPOWER policy prescriptions prescriptions, collectively benefiting over 6.1 billion people. MPOWER policy Protecting people from tobacco smoke with smoke- free air legislation; Offering help to quit tobacco use; Most Progress: Most Progress: Among all MPOWER measures, large graphic health warnings on cigarette packages have seen the most widespread and consistent implementation. Warning about the dangers of tobacco with pack labels and mass media; Enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; India’s Leadership in Digital Content India’s Leadership in Digital Content Regulation: Regulation: India has notably become the first country globally to apply tobacco control regulations specifically to digital streaming content. Raising taxes on tobacco. INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE NAKSHA Initia NAKSHA Initiative tive India’s Strong Stance on TAPS: India’s Strong Stance on TAPS: India has implemented stringent measures to curb tobacco Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance 28 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 population is expected to be living in urban areas by 2030. Streamlining land and property record systems is essential for the planned development of cities. Context Context The Ministry of Rural Development launched the second phase second phase of the NAKSHA (NAtional geospatial Knowledge geospatial Knowledge- -based land Survey of urban based land Survey of urban HAbitations) HAbitations) programme. NAKSHA (NAtional Boost to Agrarian R Boost to Agrarian Reforms: linked with land records can support: easy credit access, crop insurance schemes, PM-KISAN & other DBT initiatives. eforms: Digitised khasra maps NAKSHA is implemented under the Digital India Land Records Mod Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP). ernization Programme (DILRMP). Digital India NAKSHA NAKSHA Disaster Risk and Climate Resilience: Disaster Risk and Climate Resilience: A geotagged mapping system helps in climate resilience planning. Phase I: Pilot Implementation and Survey Operations Phase I: Pilot Implementation and Survey Operations About: About: It was announced in the 2024 standardise record-keeping, simplify processes and bring transparency in land transactions. 2024- -25 Budget 25 Budget to Pharm Pharma Freebies Under Scrutiny a Freebies Under Scrutiny Syllabus: GS2/Governance/GS4/Ethics Syllabus: GS2/Governance/GS4/Ethics Coverage: Coverage: Initiated across 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in 26 states and 3 Union Territories, targeting cities with an area less than 35 sq km and a population under 2 lakhs. Cover the entire urban area in the country within a period of 5 years. Context Context The Centre has asked pharma companies for details pharma companies for details of expenditure on marketing in the last one year. of expenditure on marketing in the last one year. About About Technological Integration: Technological Integration: Employed aerial surveys, drone technology, and Web-GIS platforms for high- precision mapping. The Union government is keeping a close watch on the marketing practice of the marketing practice of pharmaceutical companies companies amid reports of these companies reports of these companies continuing to offer a range of freebies to doctors. continuing to offer a range of freebies to doctors. close watch on pharmaceutical Phase II: Capacity Building and Skill Enhancement Phase II: Capacity Building and Skill Enhancement Under this training programme, 304 ULB district officers district officers have been nominated from 157 Urban Local Bodies (U Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). LBs). 304 ULB- -level and level and 157 The Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing The Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) Practices (UCPMP) is being implemented to check unethical marketing practices. unethical marketing practices. These officers will undergo hands-on training in leveraging modern geospatial technologies for effective urban property surveys. The details sought by the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP) have to be submitted by 31 July, failing which action will be taken against them. July, failing which action will be taken against them. submitted by 31 The training aims to equip ULB officers and field staff with the technical and practical skills technical and practical skills required to oversee high-accuracy land surveys under the NAKSHA programme. The Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing The Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) Practices (UCPMP) The UCPMP was introduced in 2024 The UCPMP was introduced in 2024 with an objective to bring about tran ethical conduct ethical conduct in the marketing practices of pharmaceutical companies. transparency and ensure sparency and ensure Why India Needs a NAKSHA Why India Needs a NAKSHA- -like Programme for Land Management? Land Management? like Programme for Fragmented Land Records System: Fragmented Land Records System: India has a state- specific, inconsistent system of land record- keeping, often using outdated manual records causing ownership disputes, legal uncertainty for buyers, investors, and institutions. Prohibition of Inducements: Prohibition of Inducements: Companies are barred from offering gifts, monetary benefits, or hospitality to healthcare professionals or their families. Restrictions Restrictions on Travel and Hospitality: on Travel and Hospitality: Providing travel facilities or hospitality is prohibited unless the healthcare professional is a speaker at a Continuing Medical Education (CME) event. Even then, events cannot be held in foreign locations. Land Disputes and Litigation: Land Disputes and Litigation: Over 66% of civil cases in Indian courts are land/property-related. Lack of digitised, tamper-proof land maps is a key cause. Accountability and T Accountability and Transparency: companies must self-declare adherence to the code ransparency: Pharmaceutical Urbanisation & Urbanisation & Infrastructure Push: Infrastructure Push: As per the 2023-24 Economic Survey, nearly 40% of India’s 29 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 The money received by medical practitioners from pharmaceutical companies to conduct research should be taxable. and disclose expenditures related to conferences, seminars, and workshops. Enforcement Mechanism: Enforcement Mechanism: An Ethics Committee for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (ECPMP) is established within each association to address violations. In the case of free drug samples, tax should be deducted at source for the company under the Income Tax (I-T) Act if their value exceeds ₹20,000 per year. Penalties include public reprimand, recovery of benefits given, issuance of corrective statements, and potential legal action. Conclusion Conclusion The nexus between pharmaceutical companies and doctors in India poses significant ethical significant ethical challenges, challenges, leading to compromised patient care and compromised patient care and inflated healthcare costs. inflated healthcare costs. What are Freebies? What are Freebies? Freebies also referred to as the “Doctors’ Commission” Commission” where pharma companies give out gifts, in cash or kind, to medical professionals to prescribe their brand of drug. prescribe their brand of drug. “Doctors’ to Most of the recommendations are now partly reflected in the UCPMP 2024, and ongoing reforms, though experts continue to call for further legal enforcement and independent oversight mechanisms. Key concerns associated with this relationship Key concerns associated with this relationship Conflict of Interest: Conflict of Interest: Doctors are expected to make medical decisions based on the best interests of patients, and financial or material benefits compromise this objectivity. Strengthening regulation, ensuring transparency in medical-industry relationships, and prioritizing patient welfare over profit are essential steps toward restoring integrity in healthcare delivery toward restoring integrity in healthcare delivery essential steps Patient Trust and Confidence: Patient Trust and Confidence: Patients rely on the expertise and unbiased judgment of their doctors, and any perception of undue influence from pharmaceutical companies can undermine this trust. Telangana Formation Day Telangana Formation Day Syllabus: GS2/Polity and Governance Syllabus: GS2/Polity and Governance Context Context Economic Impact on Healthcare Costs: Economic Impact on Healthcare Costs: If doctors are influenced to prescribe more expensive medications due to relationships with pharmaceutical companies, it contributes to higher healthcare costs. Telangana Formation Day, also known as Telangana Statehood Day, is celebrated annually on June 2 June 2. About About Telangana Telangana, India’s youngest state, was officially formed on June 2, 2014 June 2, 2014, by bifurcating the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh, following the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 Act, 2014. Professional Ethics and Integrity: Professional Ethics and Integrity: Medical professionals are expected to adhere to ethical standards that prioritize patient welfare. Accepting gifts or benefits from pharmaceutical companies is perceived as a breach of professional ethics and integrity. At the time of formation, it was agreed that Hyderabad Hyderabad would serve as the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for a period of ten years ten years, after which Andhra Pradesh would establish a new capital. Recommendations Recommendations A five A five- -member committee head member committee headed by Vinod K. Paul (2023) (2023) to the Union government upon reviewing the UCPMP made few recommendations on freebies few recommendations on freebies to Doctors by Pharma. to Doctors by Pharma. ed by Vinod K. Paul The day is marked by cultural programs ceremonies ceremonies, and public celebrations public celebrations across Telangana. cultural programs, official official The price of branded gifts to doctors should not exceed ₹1,000 per item. Do you know? Do you know? Article 3 of the Indian Constitution Article 3 of the Indian Constitution provides that Parliament may by law: Parliament may by law: Prohibition on the continuous medical education (CME) workshops for doctors in foreign locations. 30 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Macaulay Report of 1854: Macaulay Report of 1854: It laid the foundation for merit-based selection, and post-independence. Form a new State by separation of territory from a State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States; Kothari Committee (1975): Kothari Committee (1975): It introduced the three tier system tier system—comprising a preliminary exam, main examination, and an interview. three- - Increase the area of any State; Diminish the area of any State; It has remained largely unchanged modifications have been made to enhance transparency and inclusivity. unchanged, several Alter the boundaries of any State; Alter the name of any State. Key Ref Key Reforms Over the Years: orms Over the Years: Does the Civil Services Examination Need Reform? Does the Civil Services Examination Need Reform? 2005: 2005: The Right to Information Act Right to Information Act led to increased transparency in UPSC’s evaluation process. Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance Context Context 2011 2011: The S.K. Khanna Committee S.K. Khanna Committee recommended replacing the optional paper in prelims with a common paper, leading to the introduction of Paper-I (General Studies) and Paper-II (Aptitude Test). The Civil Services Examination (CSE) Civil Services Examination (CSE), conducted by UPSC UPSC, serves as the gateway to India’s administrative services, shaping governance and policy implementation. However, over the years, concerns have emerged regarding its structure, fairness, and effectiveness, prompting discussions on the need for reform. 2013: 2013: The Arun Nigvekar Committee Arun Nigvekar Committee proposed restructuring the General Studies papers, covering diverse subjects such as Indian Polity, Governance, Economy, and Science & Technology. About the C About the Civil Services in India ivil Services in India Constitutional Provisio Constitutional Provisions Related To Public Services ns Related To Public Services in India in India – Indian Constitution provides a framework under Part XIV (Services under the Union and the Part XIV (Services under the Union and the States). States). – Establishment of Public Service Commissions: Establishment of Public Service Commissions: 1. Article 315: Article 315: Mandates the formation of a Union Public Service Public Service Commission (UPSC) Commission (UPSC) and State Public Service Commissions (SPSC). Service Commissions (SPSC). 2. States can also form a Joint Public Service Commission through a resolution passed by their legislatures. – Appointment and Tenure: Appointment and Tenure: 1. Article 316: Article 316: The President appoints the UPSC Chairman and members, while State Governors appoint SPSC members.Members serve for six years years or until the age of 65 (UPSC) / 62 (SPSC).Functions and Responsibilities:Article Functions and Responsibilities:Article 320: 320: Defines the duties of Public Service Commissions, including: (a). Conducting examinations for civil services. (b). Advising on recruitment, promotions, and disciplinary matters. (c). Handling claims for pension and legal expenses. – Removal and Safeguards: Removal and Safeguards: 1. Article 317: Article 317: Members can be removed by the President on grounds of misbehavior, following an The Civil Services of India Civil Services of India form the backbone of India’s administrative system India’s administrative system, ensuring governance, policy implementation, and governance, policy implementation, and public service delivery. public service delivery. Structure: Structure: Union All India Services All India Services include Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFoS). State Public Central Civil Services Central Civil Services include Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Revenue Service (IRS), and Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IAAS), among others. State Civil Services State Civil Services are managed by individual states through their State Public Service Commissions (SPSC). six India’s first Home Minister India’s first Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel coined the term ‘Steel Frame of India’ ‘Steel Frame of India’ to the civil services on April 21, 1947 on April 21, 1947 because of their role in nation-building, governance, and policy execution. India celebrates Civil Services Day Civil Services Day on April 21 every year to honor the contributions of civil servants. Historical Evolution and Existing Format Historical Evolution and Existing Format 31 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Introducing long-form analytical questions in the main examination. inquiry by the Supreme Court. 2. Their conditions of service cannot be altered to their disadvantage. – Financial Independence: Financial Independence: 1. Expenses of UPSC and SPSC are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India/State, Consolidated Fund of India/State, ensuring autonomy. Replacing optional subjects with common papers such as Governance and Policy, aligning with administrative responsibilities. Retaining age and attempt limits until 2030 to ensure inclusivity in bureaucratic selection. Challenges in th Challenges in the Current System e Current System Future Adjustments Post Future Adjustments Post- -2030 2030 Preliminary Examination as a Filtering Preliminary Examination as a Filtering Mechanism: Mechanism: The prelims, originally designed to select the most deserving candidates, now function as a highly competitive elimination round highly competitive elimination round, reducing over five lakh aspirants to around 10,000. Post-2030, appropriate revisions can be made based on changing demographics, education accessibility, and social advancements. Any modifications should ensure continued inclusivity while maintaining merit-based selection. This in intense filtering process tense filtering process raises concerns about fairness and accessibility. fairness and accessibility. New Regulations for Jobs and Domicile i New Regulations for Jobs and Domicile in Ladakh n Ladakh Bias in Paper Bias in Paper- -II (CSAT): qualifying paper, it still favors candidates with backgrounds in Science and backgrounds in Science and Engineering, Engineering, making it challenging for Humanities students. II (CSAT): While Paper-II is now a Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance Context Context The Centre has notified a series of regulations for Ladakh’s land, jobs, and cultural preservation, aimed at addressing concerns raised by the civil society in Ladakh over the past five years. Unpredictability: Unpredictability: Paper-I has become increasingly unpredictable, making preparation resource- intensive and high-cost, leading to concerns about equity in access. Backgroun Background d Ladakh became a Union Territory in 2019 Legislative Assembly after Article 370 Constitution was read down by the Parliament. 2019 without a Issues in the Main Examination: Issues in the Main Examination: Short-answer format in General Studies prioritizes factual recall over analytical skills, which are crucial for administrative roles. Article 370 of the A year later, the region comprising Buddhist- dominated Leh and Muslim-dominated Kargil district, erupted in protests pressing forth constitutional safeguards constitutional safeguards such as; Absence of long-form questions limits the ability to assess critical thinking. Optional subjects, chosen based on scoring trends rather than aspirants’ academic backgrounds, undermine specialization. Statehood for Ladakh, inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution thus giving it a tribal status, Issues Issues Related To Lateral Entry: Related To Lateral Entry: It has been challenged for conflicting with Article 309, which governs recruitment rules for public servants. job reservation for locals and a parliamentary seat each for Leh and Kargil. Lateral entrants are appointed for three years, which may be insufficient for meaningful contributions. What a What are the new regulations? re the new regulations? Ladakh Civil Services Decentralization and Ladakh Civil Services Decentralization and Recruitment (Amendment) Regulation, 2025: Recruitment (Amendment) Regulation, 2025: This regulation introduces a domicile requirement for recruitment in government posts under the Union Territory of Ladakh, for the first time. Need for Reform Need for Reform Revising the preliminary exam structure to ensure a fairer selection process. The domicile is defined as a person who has resided in Ladakh for 15 years 15 years, Balancing Paper-II to accommodate aspirants from diverse academic backgrounds. 32 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Symbolic cultural protection: Symbolic cultural protection: While local languages have been recognised, there is no roadmap for their official use in education, governance, or the judiciary. a person who has studied for 7 years in either Class 10 or 12 Class 10 or 12 examination in Ladakh, 7 years and appeared Children of Central Government employees who have served in Ladakh for at least 10 children and spouses of domiciles. at least 10 years years; and Concluding remarks Concluding remarks Ladakh Civil Services Domicile Certificate Rules, Ladakh Civil Services Domicile Certificate Rules, 2025: 2025: These rules lay out the procedure and documentation required to obtain a domicile certificate. The new regulations for Ladakh mark a step towards addressing long-standing local concerns over identity, employment, and representation. However, in the absence of constitutional safeguards, the measures remain limited in scope. The tehsildar is designated as the issuing authority, while the Deputy Commissioner is the appellate authority. For long-term stability and trust, the government must engage meaningfully with local stakeholders and consider stronger constitutional provisions to ensure autonomy and preservation of Ladakh’s unique socio-cultural and ecological landscape. Union Territory of Ladakh Reservation Union Territory of Ladakh Reservation (Amendment) Regulation, 2025: (Amendment) Regulation, 2025: This regulation caps the total reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Classes (OBC), and other socially and educationally backward groups at 85%, 85%, excluding the 10% reservation reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS). Sixth Schedule of the Constitution Sixth Schedule of the Constitution – The Sixth Schedule was adopted under Article 244 244 of the Constitution with provisions for formation of autonomous administrative divisions within a state. 1. The Sixth Schedule is applicable to what are officially called as ‘tribal areas’ ‘tribal areas’ in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura. There are 10 such ‘tribal areas’ at present in these four States. 2. These divisions, in the form of Autonom District Councils (ADCs) District Councils (ADCs), were granted certain legislative, judicial and administrative legislative, judicial and administrative autonomy autonomy within the state. – Composition: Composition: According to the Sixth Schedule ADCs administering a region within a state have 30 members members with a term of five years. five years. 1. The Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam is an exception to this with more than 40 members and rights to make laws on 39 issues. – Jurisdiction: Jurisdiction: ADCs can make laws, rules and regulations with regard to land, forest, water, agriculture, village councils, health, sanitation, village and town level policing, inheritance of property, marriage and divorce, social customs, and mining, among other issues. 1. ADCs also have powers to form courts to hear cases where both parties are members of Scheduled Tribes and the maximum sentence is less than 5 years 5 years in prison. Article 10% Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025: Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025: This law recognises English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti, and English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti, and Purgi Purgi as the official languages of Ladakh. It also mandates institutional support for the promotion of Shina, Brokskat, Balti, and Ladakhi Shina, Brokskat, Balti, and Ladakhi, for preserving Ladakh’s linguistic and cultural diversity. Autonomous ous Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Councils Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Councils (Amendment) Regulation, 2025: (Amendment) Regulation, 2025: This amends the LAHDC LAHDC Act of 1997 Act of 1997 to reserve one seats for women seats for women in the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Councils of Leh and Kargil, through rotation. Sixth Schedule, the 30 one- -third of the third of the Limitations of the new regulations Limitations of the new regulations No Constitutional Protection: No Constitutional Protection: Made under Article 240, these executive rules lack permanence and can be altered by the Centre anytime, unlike the constitutionally guaranteed Sixth Schedule. No Land Safeguards: No Land Safeguards: Absence of restrictions on land ownership by non-domiciles raises concerns over demographic changes, tourism pressure, and ecological impact. No Legislative Autonomy: No Legislative Autonomy: LAHDCs remain administrative bodies without law-making powers, unlike Sixth Schedule councils with authority over land, forests, and customs. Any Law Passed By Parliament Or State Legislature Any Law Passed By Parliament Or State Legislature Can’t Be Held To Be Contempt Of Court Can’t Be Held To Be Contempt Of Court Syllabus: GS2/ Polity Syllabus: GS2/ Polity 33 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Safeguards: Safeguards: In News In News While closing the 2007 Salwa Judum case 2007 Salwa Judum case, the Supreme Court recently observed that any law made by the Parliament or a State Legislature cannot be held to be an act of contempt cannot be held to be an act of contempt of Court. of Court. Truth as Defence: Truth as Defence: Post-2006 Amendment, truth can be a valid defence if it is in public interest and made in a bona fide manner. Fair and Reasonable Criticism: Fair and Reasonable Criticism: Constructive and balanced criticism of judicial decisions is permitted. SC’s Direction SC’s Direction Apology: Apology: A genuine, unqualified apology can often lead to dropping of charges. Every State Legislature has plenary powers to pass an enactment and so long as the said enactment has not been declared to be ultra ultra vires the Constitution Constitution or, in any way, null and void by a constitutional court, the said enactment would have the force of law. Issues and Concerns Issues and Concerns vires the Potential restriction on freedom of speech and expression (Article 19(1)(a)) Vagueness of definitions, especially The top court affirmed that the legislature can pass a law to nullify the basis of a judgment or amend a struck-down law to align it with a constitutional court’s ruling. “scandalizing the court,” which can be subjective. Potential for misuse to shield the judiciary from legitimate criticism. This is the core of the doctrine of separation of powers and must always be acknowledged in a constitutional democracy. The fact that similar laws have been abolished in some countries, like the UK. Recent Developments Recent Developments About Contempt of the Court About Contempt of the Court Law Commission 274th Report Law Commission 274th Report (2018): (2018): Recommended retaining criminal contempt in its current form, citing persistent challenges like non-compliance and erosion of respect for courts. Definition: Definition: It refers to any act or omission that obstructs or interferes with the due administration of justice or shows disrespect to the authority, dignity, and integrity of a court. Motion of Impeachment Motion of Impeachment Against High Court Judge Against High Court Judge Types of Contempt: Types of Contempt: Syllabus :GS 2/Governance Syllabus :GS 2/Governance Civil Contempt: Civil Contempt: Wilful disobedience to any judgment, order, direction, or decree of a court, or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. In News In News The government will move an impeachment motion against Justice Yashwant Varma of the Allahabad High Court in the upcoming Monsoon Session. Criminal Contempt: Criminal Contempt: Any act that scandalizes or lowers the authority of the court, prejudices or interferes with judicial proceedings, obstructs administration of justice in any othermanner. The move follows a committee report indicting him after unaccounted cash was found at his residence following a fire. Constitutional and Statutory Basis: Constitutional and Statutory Basis: Constitutional Provisions Constitutional Provisions Article 129: Article 129: Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers to punish for its contempt. Articles 124 and 217 of the Constitution Articles 124 and 217 of the Constitution allow the President to remove Supreme Court or High Court judges for ‘proved misbehaviour’ or ‘incapacity’ after both Houses of Parliament pass a motion with a special majority. Article 215: Article 215: High Courts enjoy similar powers. Contempt of Courts Act, 1971: Contempt of Courts Act, 1971: Statutory framework defining and regulating contempt proceedings in India. While these terms aren’t defined in the Constitution terms aren’t defined in the Constitution, the Supreme Court interprets misbehaviour as misconduct like corruption or moral wrongdoing, Article 142(2): Article 142(2): Also empowers the Supreme Court to make orders for the punishment of contempt, subject to any law made by Parliament. 34 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 faster settlements, ensuring better social security for coal sector workers. and incapacity as a physical or mental medical condition. Process Process It is a step towards Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of ‘Minimum Government, Maximum Governance’ through digital India. The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 outlines the removal process for judges. Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation (CMPFO) Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation (CMPFO) – It is an autonomous organization under the aegis of the Ministry of Coal. Coal. – It was established in 1948 for administering Provident Fund and Pension schemes for the purpose of providing social security to the coal sector workers. – It is presently rendering services to about 3.3 lakh Provident Fund subscribers and 6.3 lakh lakh Provident Fund subscribers and 6.3 lakh pensioners of coal sector. pensioners of coal sector. A removal motion must be signed by at least 50 Rajya Sabha or 100 Lok Sabha members. The Speaker or Chairman may admit or reject it. If admitted, a three-member committee investigates. If the judge is cleared, the motion is dropped 3.3 If found guilty, both Houses must pass the motion with a special majority (Two-thirds of members present and voting, and majority of total membership) for the removal. Once both Houses pass the motion, it is sent to the President, who gives the final order for removal. Index Cards Index Cards Syllabus: GS2/ Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Governance Key Fact Key Fact In News In News No judge has been impeached till date, though motions have been initiated earlier (e.g. Justice V. Ramaswami in 1993). The Election Commission has streamlined a technology-driven system to generate Index Cards Cards and various statistical reports after the conduct of the elections. generate Index C CARES Version 2.0 C CARES Version 2.0 Syllabus :GS2/Governance Syllabus :GS2/Governance Earlier, this information was manually filled at the Constituency level using various statutory formats in Physical Index Cards. In News In News The Ministry of Coal announced the launch of a new version of web portal (C CARES Version 2.0) (C CARES Version 2.0) to streamline the provident fund (PF) provident fund (PF) and pension disbursement. About Index Cards About Index Cards It is a non Reporting Format Reporting Format developed as a suo moto initiative by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to promote accessibility of election-related data at the constituency level for all stakeholders. non- -statutory, post statutory, post- -election Statistical election Statistical C CARES Version 2.0 portal C CARES Version 2.0 portal It streamlines PF/Pension disbursement for coal workers by unifying workers, management, and Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation (CMPFO) on a single digital platform. It is designed to disseminate data across multiple dimensions—such as candidates, electors, votes polled, votes counted, party-wise and candidate- wise vote share, gender-based voting patterns, regional variations, and performance of political parties. It allows claims to be tracked in real-time, thus reducing settlement time to fulfil the objective of providing social security to the workers. It is developed and designed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C Development of Advanced Computing (C- -DAC). Centre for DAC). Source: PIB Source: PIB S Mahendra Dev Appointed New Chief of EAC S Mahendra Dev Appointed New Chief of EAC- -PM PM Benefits Benefits Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance It enhances transparency, accountability, and efficiency by enabling real-time claim tracking and In News In News 35 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Importance Importance Economist S Mahendra Dev has been appointed as Chairman of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), replacing current head Suman Bery. It is a strategic tool that strengthens India’s standing standing as a global investment destination for traditional systems of medicine. strengthens India’s Do you know? Do you know? – S Mahendra Dev is an expert in agriculture and rural economy rural economy and is also editor of Economic and Political Weekly Political Weekly and chairs the Institute for Development Studies, Andhra Pradesh. Development Studies, Andhra Pradesh. – Previously, he served as director of Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and held roles at Kotak Mahindra Bank. 1. Dev holds a PhD from Delhi School of Economics and completed post-doctoral research at Yale University. India’s Ayush industry has emerged as one of the fastest fastest- -growing sect growing sectors in the country an annual growth of 17% between 2014 and 2020. agriculture and Economic and ors in the country, recording The Ayush sector’s relevance is also strongly reflected in its contributions to medical value travel (MVT) and the global wellness economy. (MVT) and the global wellness economy. Ranked among the top five health services in India, Ayush is a key driver of the country’s USD 13 billion MVT sector Globally. medical value travel The portal is expected to drive FDI, support entrepreneurs, and promote India’s leadership in traditional health systems. The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC Minister (EAC- -PM) PM) ECINET App ECINET App It is an independent body constituted to give advice on economic economic and related issues to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister. Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance Prime Minister. Context Context Functions: Functions: It includes analyzing economic or other issues referred by the Prime Minister, addressing macroeconomic matters, providing advice, and undertaking any additional tasks requested by the Prime Minister. Due to the alleged discrepancies alleged discrepancies in the voter turnout data, data, the Election Commission of India has introduced a new streamlined and tech system to provide such data. system to provide such data. voter turnout tech- -driven driven These tasks can be initiated by the Council itself or on referral. About About The new one The new one- -stop platform, ECINET, stop platform, ECINET, will integrate and reorient over 40 of ECI’s over 40 of ECI’s existing mobile and web applications. web applications. Source :IE Source :IE existing mobile and Ayush Nivesh Saarthi Ayush Nivesh Saarthi It will have an aesthetic User Interface (UI) and a simplified User Experience (UX) by providing a singular platform for all electoral singular platform for all electoral- -related activities. activities. Syllabus:GS2/Governance Syllabus:GS2/Governance related In News In News The Government of India launched the Ayush Nivesh Saarthi portal Nivesh Saarthi portal to position India as a global hub for traditional medicine and wellness. Ayush The Presiding Officer The Presiding Officer of each polling station will enter the t enter the turnout figures urnout figures on the new ECINET app every two hours every two hours on polling day in order to reduce the time lag. will new ECINET app Ayush Nivesh Saarthi Ayush Nivesh Saarthi It is a dedicated, investor-centric digital platform developed by the Ministry of Ayush Ministry of Ayush in collaboration with Invest India Invest India. This will be automatically aggregated at the automatically aggregated at the constituency level. constituency level. Need for the App: Need for the App: Previously, voter turnout data were collected manually were collected manually by Sector relayed to Returning Officers (ROs) relayed to Returning Officers (ROs) through phone calls, SMS, or messaging apps. It brings together policy frameworks, incentive structures, investment-ready projects, and real- time facilitation under one unified interface. Sector Officers and Officers and It is designed to support both domestic and global investors. The polling percentage trends The polling percentage trends were often updated hours later due to physical records arriving late leading to delays. 36 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Value Maximation: Value Maximation: The objective of this pillar is to codify and structure processes to systematically identify and offer attractive assets for monetization, so as to increase acceptance of bids that maximize value for the government. Significance of the App: Significance of the App: Now, approximate voter turnout will be updated faster and more accurately on the Voter Turnout app. While Form 17C under Rule 49S remains the official record, this tech-driven process aims to improve transparency, timeliness, and public trust. transparency, timeliness, and public trust. improve Transparency: Transparency: The objective of this pillar is to codify processes that aid transparency both within the organization and in communications with investors. NHAI Releases First NHAI Releases First- -Ever Asset Strategy Document Strategy Document Ever Asset Monetisation Monetisation Syllabus: GS2/ Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Governance Market Development: Market Development: The objective of this pillar is two-fold; Context Context Broaden the investor base to attract more private participation. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) released its first ever ‘Asset Monetization Strategy for the Road Sector’. Enhance stakeholder engagement to increase traction of NHAI’s asset monetization program. About About Key Monetisation Models Used by NHAI Key Monetisation Models Used by NHAI Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) – It is a pooled investment mechanism introduced in 2014 2014 and regulated by Securities and Exchange Bo Board of India (SEBI). ard of India (SEBI). – How it works: How it works: 1. NHAI transfers toll-operating road assets into a trust structure. 2. Investors buy units of the InvIT and earn returns from toll revenues. 3. Includes an Investment Manager (financial returns) and Project Manager (Operations and Management oversight). Toll Toll- -Operate Operate- -Transfer (ToT) Model Transfer (ToT) Model – It is a public public- -private partnership private partnership model model introduced in 2016. 2016. – How it works: How it works: 1. Private players pay a lump sum upfront for toll collection rights of completed highways. 2. They also bear the cost of operation and maintenance. Securitization of Toll Revenues Securitization of Toll Revenues – It is project-based financing by using future revenue streams as collateral. – How it works: How it works: 1. NHAI creates a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to raise funds by securitizing future toll receipts. 2. E.g., Delhi-Mumbai Expressway SPV raised ₹ ₹40,000 crore 40,000 crore using this mechanism. NHAI monetizes assets through three modes: Operate-Transfer (ToT), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), and securitisation models. three modes: Toll- Securities and Exchange These instruments have helped NHAI raise over ₹ ₹1.4 lakh crore 1.4 lakh crore across more than 6,100 km National Highways under National Monetisation Pipeline. 6,100 km of What is Asset Monetization? What is Asset Monetization? Asset monetization, also commonly referred to as asset or capital recycling asset or capital recycling, is a widely used business practice globally. It entails a limited period license / lease of a public limited period license / lease of a public sector asset sector asset to a private sector entity for an upfront or periodic consideration through a well-defined concession/ contractual framework. Hence, it is a virtuous cycle where existing assets are converted into sources of funds, which are then invested in creating new assets. Way Ahead Way Ahead Scaling Up: Scaling Up: More highway projects can be included under the monetisation strategy to unlock additional capital. Pillars of Asset Monetization Strategy Pillars of Asset Monetization Strategy 37 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 One Health is an integrated, unifying approach integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals an of people, animals and ecosystems. d ecosystems. Private Sector Confidence: Private Sector Confidence: Ensuring transparent policies and regulatory stability is crucial to boost private participation. health Capacity Building: Capacity Building: Strengthening institutional capacity to structure and manage monetisation deals effectively. It recognizes that the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) – The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is an autonomous agency autonomous agency of the Government of India, set up in 1995, 1995, under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). Transport and Highways (MoRTH). – NHAI was created through the promulgation of the National Highways Authority of India A National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. – Objective: Objective: It is primarily responsible for the development, maintenance, and management development, maintenance, and management of National Highways across the country. – Headquarters: Headquarters: New Delhi Ministry of Road ct, 1988. First State/UTs Engagement Workshop Under the First State/UTs Engagement Workshop Under the National One Health Mission National One Health Mission National One Health Mission National One Health Mission Syllabus: GS2/ Syllabus: GS2/ Health, Governance Health, Governance The National One Health Mission (NOHM) exemplifies the Government of India’s commitment to leveraging cutting leveraging cutting- -edge science in real edge science in real- - world world settings to anticipate and mitigate public anticipate and mitigate public health risks. health risks. Context Context The first State and Union Territory Engagement Workshop under National One Health Mission National One Health Mission (NOHM) (NOHM) was conducted, charting a collaborative path forward for strengthening India’s integrated One Health approach. The key pillars The key pillars of the NOHM are: Technology enabled integrated surveillance across sectors. About About National network of Biosafety Level 3 (BSL Biosafety Level 3 (BSL- - 3) 3) laboratories (for testing high-risk or unknown pathogens). The workshop was chaired by the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) Scientific Adviser (PSA) bringing together a diverse array of stakeholders. Principal Collaborative and integrated R&D Collaborative and integrated R&D for medical countermeasures including vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics for human-animal-wildlife- livestock health. Key Highlights: Key Highlights: The workshop underscored syndromic surveillance and mock drills like Vishanu Yuddh Abhyaas Vishanu Yuddh Abhyaas for preparedness. Data integration Data integration across sectors. Gujarat and Kerala Gujarat and Kerala, nominated to the mission’s governance committee, governance committee, presented their progress in building One Health infrastructure. Training and capacity building Training and capacity building in all spheres related to One Health. Challenges in Operationalizing One Health Challenges in Operationalizing One Health The launch of a Youth Engagement Program Youth Engagement Program to harness the energy and innovation of the country’s youth through hackathons and digital campaigns. Intersectoral Coordination: Intersectoral Coordination: Fragmented institutional silos between human, animal, and environmental health bodies. One Hea One Health Dashboard: lth Dashboard: A central dashboard was launched to monitor and map state and central initiatives. Lack of Trained Workforce: Lack of Trained Workforce: Shortage of epidemiologists, zoonotic disease experts, and data scientists at the district level. What is the One Health Approach? What is the One Health Approach? 38 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 incite violence or spread hatred and disharmony between communities. Infrastructural Disparities: Infrastructural Disparities: States vary in surveillance capabilities and digital health integration. According to the Law Commission of India Law Commission of India, hate speech targets groups based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion, etc., intending to cause fear, alarm, or incite violence. Data Privacy & Sharing: Data Privacy & Sharing: Ensuring secure and effective real-time data flow between sectors remains a concern. Way Ahead Way Ahead It is viewed as a restriction on free speech to protect individuals or groups from hate, violence, or humiliation. Decentralised Planning: Decentralised Planning: States should localize the One Health model based on regional risks (e.g., zoonotic hotspots). The Law Commission has proposed adding two new IPC sections—153C and 505A—to specifically criminalize hate speech. Instit Institutional Mechanisms: utional Mechanisms: Permanent state-level One Health Cells and convergence with existing bodies like State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs). How is it treated in Indian law? How is it treated in Indian law? In Indian law, hate speech is primarily addressed under Sections 153A (now Section 196 of the Sections 153A (now Section 196 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) and 505 of the IPC (now Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) and 505 of the IPC (now Section 353 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) Section 353 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita). Public Awareness: Public Awareness: Leverage campaigns and youth engagement to increase awareness of One Health. The states/UT’s should consider creating their own One Health dashboards One Health dashboards and websites and link it with the central dashboard/website. creating their own Section 153A Section 153A criminalizes promoting enmity between groups based on religion, race, language, etc., punishable by up to three years in prison, or five years if done in places of worship. Hate Speech Hate Speech Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance Section 505 penalizes statements Section 505 penalizes statements that incite public mischief, fear, or hatred between communities, with jail terms up to three years, or five years if occurring in religious settings. In News In News Rajya Sabha may form a panel to probe hate speech charges against HC judge. charges against HC judge. hate speech Issues and Concerns Issues and Concerns Do you know? Do you know? – Articles 124 and 217 Articles 124 and 217 of the Constitution provide that a judge of the Supreme Court/High Court shall be removed by the President, on the grounds of ‘proved misbehaviour’ or ‘incapacity’ ‘proved misbehaviour’ or ‘incapacity’ after a motion is passed in each House of Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the not less than two thirds of the members members of that House present and voting (special majority) in the same session. – The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 outlines the removal process for judges. 1. A motion must be signed by at least 50 Rajya Sabha member Sabha members or 100 Lok Sabha members. 2. The Chairman or Speaker can admit or reject the motion after review and consultation. Enforcement of hate speech laws in India is inconsistent and often influenced by bias. The rise of social media has further complicated regulation by providing new platforms for spreading hate. Suggestions and Way Forward Suggestions and Way Forward India must carefully balance free speech with controlling hate speech to preserve peace, equality, and the rule of law. 50 Rajya This requires stronger laws, fair enforcement, and greater public awareness. Supreme Court Ruling on Narco Test Supreme Court Ruling on Narco Test Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance What is ‘hate speech’? What is ‘hate speech’? Context Context Hate speech lacks a specific legal definition but generally refers to speech, writings, or actions that The Supreme Court has ruled that narco-analysis tests cannot be conducted on accused persons 39 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 In News In News without their free and informed consent, reaffirming that such practices violate fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution. The Department of Posts under the Ministry of Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications, Communications, has introduced ‘Gyan Post’, a dedicated postal service for affordable delivery of educational, cultural, educational, cultural, social and religious books. social and religious books. Narco Narco- -Analysis Analysis About About ‘Gyan Post’ is operational through ‘Gyan Post’ is operational through all post offices with a minimum rate of 20 rupees for packets up to 300 gms and a maximum rate of 100 rupees for packets up to 5 kilograms, excluding taxes. It aims to bridge the educati bridge the educational divide printed educational material more accessible and affordable across India, including remote and rural areas. onal divide by making Delivery is surface Delivery is surface- -based (via road or rail) to based (via road or rail) to minimize costs minimize costs. Parcels must be clearly marked with the label “Gyan Post.” It involves the injection of a drug called sodium pentothal pentothal into the accused, inducing a hypnotic or sedated state. sodium Printed education material only, no handwritten letters, personal messages, or periodically issued letters, personal messages, or periodically issued journals journals would be sent. no handwritten The assumption is that a subject in such a state is less less inhibited inhibited and is more likely to divulge information. Cash Plus Model Pushes Up Early Breastfeeding Rate Cash Plus Model Pushes Up Early Breastfeeding Rate in Rajasthan in Rajasthan Because the drug is thought to weaken the subject’s resolve to lie, it is often referred to as a “truth serum.” serum.” Syllabus: GS1/ Issues Related to Women and Syllabus: GS1/ Issues Related to Women and Children, GS2/ Governance Children, GS2/ Governance “truth Context Context Supreme Court ruling Supreme Court ruling Rajasthan’s Cash Plus Model, the first in India to combine Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) with Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC), has led to a 49% rise in early breastfeeding. The Court held that the use of involuntary narco- analysis: Violates A Violates Article 20(3): rticle 20(3): Protection against self- incrimination. About the Cash Plus Model About the Cash Plus Model Violates Article 21: Violates Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty, including the right to privacy. Complementary to PMMVY: Complementary to PMMVY: The model builds on the existing Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, which provides financial assistance to women during their first pregnancy. The Court emphasized that technological advancement advancement in investigation cannot override constitutional protections. constitutional protections. technological cannot override The Cash Plus model extends these benefits to second-time mothers, filling a major policy gap. E Earlier in 2010, the SC arlier in 2010, the SC in the case of Selvi v. State of Karnataka Karnataka ruled that no lie detector tests should be administered “except on the basis of consent of the except on the basis of consent of the accused accused” in accordance with the fundamental right against self-incrimination as enshrined under Article 20(3) Article 20(3) of the Constitution. Selvi v. State of Integrated Behavioural Integrated Behavioural Change Strategy: cash transfers with home-based counselling, nutrition education, community engagements, and digital outreach to promote healthy practices. Change Strategy: It combines Phased Implementation: Phased Implementation: Launched in 2020 in five tribal districts, the scheme was scaled up state-wide in 2022. 2022. 2020 as a pilot Gyan Post Service Gyan Post Service Syllabus: GS2/ E governance Syllabus: GS2/ E governance 40 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 The Convention on Supplementary Compensation The Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) (CSC) was adopted in 1997 1997. Financial Commitment: Financial Commitment: The annual budget for the scaled-up version is ₹210 crore, ₹210 crore, targeting around 3.5 lakh 3.5 lakh second-time pregnant women every year. It sets minimum compen minimum compensation levels allows supplementary public funds from member supplementary public funds from member states if needed. states if needed. sation levels and India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) (CLNDA) Even though India was a signatory to the CSC, Parliament ratified the convention only in Parliament ratified the convention only in 2016. 2016. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS2/Governance GS2/Governance Context Context To keep in line with the international convention, India enacted the Civil Lia India enacted the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) in 2010, Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) in 2010, to put in place a speedy compensation. India is considering easing nuclear liability laws considering easing nuclear liability laws, specifically to reduce accident-related fines on equipment suppliers, in order to attract U.S. and other foreign firms for civil nuclear projects. bility for Reasons for not making Supplier Liable: Reasons for not making Supplier Liable: In the initial phase of nuclear energy development, foreign governments and the nuclear industry agreed that: What is Civil Nuclear Liability? What is Civil Nuclear Liability? Civil nuclear liability laws ensure compensation to victims victims in case of nuclear accidents and define who is liable for such compensation. ensure compensation to Excessive liability Excessive liability claims on suppliers claims on suppliers would make their participation financially unviable. financially unviable. Liability is generally assigned to the operator Liability is generally assigned to the operator of the nuclear installation, often a public entity, to streamline legal processes and ensure availability of compensation. Such risks could hinder energy. hinder the expansion of nuclear Hence, liability was channeled exclusively to plant operators, with only a few exceptions. India’s Nuclear Infrastructure India’s Nuclear Infrastructure The CSC permits operator’s rightof CSC permits operator’s rightof recourse against suppliers only under two conditions: suppliers only under two conditions: recourse against India operates 22 nuclear reactors 22 nuclear reactors, all run by Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), with plans for more. (NPCIL), with plans for more. If it is expressly agreed expressly agreed in the contract. Despite signing civil nuclear agreements with the U.S., France, and Japan, only Russia is currently only Russia is currently executing projects (Kudankulam), executing projects (Kudankulam), largely due to concerns around India’s liability regime. If the nuclear incident results from an intentional act or omission act or omission by the supplier. intentional Key Provisions of CLNDA, 2010 Key Provisions of CLNDA, 2010 India went beyond CSC conditions India went beyond CSC conditions by introducing supplier liability in the Civil Liability for supplier liability in the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA). Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA). Jaitapur Nuclear Plant (with France) has been pending since 2009, the liability concerns remain unresolved. Reason for Deviation: Reason for Deviation: Kovvada Project (Andhra Pradesh): Yet to proceed. Inspired by past tragedies like the Bhopal Gas past tragedies like the Bhopal Gas Disaster (1984), Disaster (1984), where defective equipment a role. Only Russia (Kudankulam) is implementing nuclear projects due to pre due to pre- -CLNDA agreements. CLNDA agreements. defective equipment played International Legal Framework International Legal Framework Legislators aimed to ensure accountability ensure accountability beyond beyond just the operator. After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, the global nuclear liability regime evolved. Operator Liability: Operator Liability: Imposes strict and no liability liability on the operator. strict and no- -fault fault The international legal framework on civil nuclear liability is based on the central principle of exclusive on the central principle of exclusive liability of the operator liability of the operator of a nuclear installation and no other person. As per the Act, operator means the Central Government or any authority or corporation Government or any authority or corporation who has been granted a licence licence pursuant to the Atomic Central 41 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 India’s unique inclusion of supplier liability under CLNDA diverges from global norms. Energy Act, 1962 for the operation of that installation. Operator must pay ₹1,500 crore in damages, insured or secured via financial means. It has become a major barrier to operationalising major barrier to operationalising civil nuclear deals. civil nuclear deals. If claims exceed this, the government will cover up to 300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) (₹2,100–₹2,300 crore). While the government maintains that the law permits flexibility, the legal text allows supplier liability even in absence of explicit contractual provisions. Supplier Liabilit Supplier Liability (Section 17): and introduces liability for suppliers under: y (Section 17): It is unique to India Unless clarified or amended, foreign participation in India’s nuclear sector may remain minimal, India’s nuclear sector may remain minimal, affecting energy security and bilateral nuclear cooperation. foreign participation in 17(a): 17(a): If contractually agreed. 17(b): 17(b): If an incident results from defective equipment equipment or services (even if not intentional). defective India is Set to Air Conditioner Temperature India is Set to Air Conditioner Temperature Guidelines Guidelines 17(c): 17(c): If caused intentionally by the supplier. Syllabus: GS2/ Governance, GS3/ Environment Syllabus: GS2/ Governance, GS3/ Environment This goes beyond CSC, This goes beyond CSC, which allows recourse only if contractually agreed or intentional wrongdoing is proven. Context Context The Indian government is planning to adopt new standards to cap air conditioner (AC) temperature settings between 20 and 28 degrees Celsius 20 and 28 degrees Celsius to reduce peak power demand. Legal Ambiguity (Section 46): Legal Ambiguity (Section 46): It states that other legal proceedings (civil/criminal) are not barred by the Act, which opens door to civ CLNDA CLNDA. civil suits outside il suits outside Rising Cooling Demand in India Rising Cooling Demand in India Raises fear among suppliers of being sued under tort law, potentially leading to unlimited liability, despite the capped liability for operators. Cooling Demand Statistics: Cooling Demand Statistics: Cooling accounts for around 50 GW, or nearly 20% of India’s peak power demand. Tort law Tort law is considered to be a form of restorative justice justice since it seeks to remedy losses or injury by providing monetary compensation. restorative Growth in AC Usage: Growth in AC Usage: India currently has 10 crore ACs, with 1.5 crore units added every year. Energy Energy- -Saving Potential: Saving Potential: Each 1°C increase temperature leads to 6% electricity savings. 6% electricity savings. 1°C increase in AC Government’s Position Government’s Position The central government has maintained that the Indian law is in consonance with the CSC till Indian law is in consonance with the CSC till now. now. How do Air Conditioners Work? How do Air Conditioners Work? An AC works by pumping heat from one space to another. ACs remove heat from indoor spaces using a vapour vapour- -compression cycle compression cycle involving a refrigerant (liquid). (liquid). About Section 17(b), About Section 17(b), it said that the provision “permits” but “does not require” “permits” but “does not require” an operator to include in the contract or exercise the right to recourse. refrigerant Key Components: Key Components: The evaporator The evaporator absorbs heat and removes humidity. Section 46: Section 46: The provision has no mention of ‘supplier’, and so is ‘operator specific’. Compressor Compressor compresses the vapour, consuming the most energy. This section applies exclusively to the operator and does not extend to the supplier is confirmed by the Parliamentary debates at the time of the adoption of this Act. Condenser Condenser releases heat and transforms vapour back into liquid. Conclusion Conclusion T The expansion device he expansion device regulates pressure and temperature before recirculation. 42 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 However, to truly achieve sustainable cooling, complementary measures such as building design reforms, product efficiency upgrades, and public awareness campaigns must be integrated into a comprehensive national cooling policy. Need for Temperature Standardisation Need for Temperature Standardisation The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has recommended setting the default temperature at 24°C. 24°C. Temperatures at 18 Temperatures at 18– –21°C (airports, hotels, offices) does not enhance cooling performance, but leads to energy wastage and discomfort due to excessively cold environments. 21°C in public buildings India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) – It is a first-of-its-kind policy document from any country, aimed at addressing the rising cooling demand in a climate-sensitive and energy-efficient manner. – It was launched by the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). – The India Cooling Action seeks to; 1. Reduce cooling demand across sectors by 20% to 25% by 2037-38, 2. Reduce refrigerant demand by 25% to 30% by 2037-38, Reduce cooling energy requirements by 25% to 40% by 2037-38, 3. Recognize “cooling and related areas” as a thrust area of research under national S&T Programme, 4. Training and certification of 100,000 servicing sector technicians by 2022-23, synergizing with Skill India Mission. Human Comfort Standards: Human Comfort Standards: According to the comfort chart, comfort chart, temperatures up to 25°C comfortable when accompanied by adequate humidity and air movement. 25°C are The World Health Organization (WHO) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends maintaining indoor temperatures above 18°C to avoid adverse health impacts like respiratory infections, hypertension, and reduced cognitive infections, hypertension, and reduced cognitive function. function. respiratory What are the What are the Challenges? Challenges? Only 20% of ACs sold are 5 20% of ACs sold are 5- -star efficiency rating thresholds are lenient and due for stricter revision by 2028. star rated. BEE’s Despite having building codes like Energy Conservation Building Code Conservation Building Code (ECBC), (ECBC), implementation remains weak. Passive cooling designs must be incentivized. Energy Campaign Aims to Push Tribal Welfare Schemes PM Campaign Aims to Push Tribal Welfare Schemes PM JANMAN and Dharti Aaba JANMAN and Dharti Aaba Syllabus :GS2/Go Syllabus :GS2/Governance vernance Way Ahead Way Ahead In News In News Promote Passive Cooling Designs: Promote Passive Cooling Designs: Encourage architectural features like cross-ventilation, shaded facades, thermal insulation, and green roofs. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched a major outreach campaign in over 500 districts to cover 1 lakh tribal villages, focusing on doorstep delivery of welfare through two flagship schemes welfare through two flagship schemes — PM JANMAN JANMAN and Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan. Abhiyan. doorstep delivery of PM Utkarsh Incentivize through urban planning norms and affordable housing schemes. Awareness Campaigns: Awareness Campaigns: Educate consumers on the economic and health benefits of keeping ACs at 24– 26°C. Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM (PM- -JANMAN) JANMAN) It was announced by the Prime Minister on the Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas in 2023. Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas in 2023. Stricter Energy Efficiency Norms: Stricter Energy Efficiency Norms: Gradually raise BEE standards and phase out inefficient models. It is a flagship initiative aimed at the holistic development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Gro Groups (PVTGs). ups (PVTGs). Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks Air-conditioners are now indispensable in India due to rising temperatures, but unregulated and energy-intensive usage is straining both the power grid and the environment. It comprises Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes and reflects the government’s commitment to inclusive growth and social justice, contributing to the vision of Viksit Gaon, Viksit Bharat Bharat. Setting a regulated temperature range is a strategic and health-conscious intervention. Viksit Gaon, Viksit 43 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 The idea was to replace frequent officer rotations with longer, specialised postings. It aims to provide basic facilities such as safe housing, clean drinking water and improved access to education, health and nutrition, road and telecom connectivity, electrification of unelectrified households and sustainable livelihood opportunities in 3 years. Similar recommendations were made earlier by the second Administrative Reforms Commission in second Administrative Reforms Commission in 2005 2005 under the UPA government. Previous appointments Previous appointments Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan Abhiyan Former PM Manmohan Singh PM Manmohan Singh and experts like Verghese Kurien, Homi Bhabha Verghese Kurien, Homi Bhabha, and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Kalam were lateral entrants who made significant contributions in various fields. It was launched on October 2, 2024, aligns with Prime Minister Modi’s vision Prime Minister Modi’s vision of inclusive development by ensuring governance benefits reach every tribal citizen. A.P.J. Abdul Post-independence, lateral entries helped overcome the shortage of civil servants, and the system gradually evolved with regular UPSC recruitment. It builds on PM sectoral initiative sectoral initiative involving 17 ministries and 25 interventions to transform tribal villages into centers of opportunity and dignity, placing tribal communities at the heart of India’s development. PM- -JANMAN’s success JANMAN’s success and it is a multi multi- - Around 60 posts had already been filled through the lateral entry mode. “Today 40 to 45 [lateral entry recruits] are still working. Do you know? Do you know? – Janjatiya Gaurav Divas Janjatiya Gaurav Divas is observed every year on November 15 in memory of Bhagwan Birsa Munda and his 150th birth anniversary celebrated in 2024 . Do you know? Do you know? – In August 2024, the UPSC withdrew its notification for recruiting 45 officers through lateral entry—10 joint secretaries and 35 directors or deputy secretaries—after facing political backlash. – Opposition parties criticized the move for bypassing reservations for OBCs, SCs, and STs. Lateral Entry Policy Still Active Lateral Entry Policy Still Active Syllabus :GS 2/Governance Syllabus :GS 2/Governance In News In News Advantages Advantages Union Minister Jitendra Singh clarified that the government has not given up on the idea of lateral entry into government departments. Lateral entrants can bring domain knowledge knowledge and professional experience, essential in today’s complex policymaking environment. bring domain- -specific specific Lateral entry Lateral entry Private sector professionals may introduce new professionals may introduce new ideas ideas, data-driven strategies, and outcome-based approaches to governance. It refers to the hiring of specialists, including professionals from the private sector, to take up senior roles in the government. The government faces a shortage of All India faces a shortage of All India Services officers Services officers, especially at the Central level. It aims to bring in fresh talent and strengthen middle management by appointing specialists with domain expertise for specific roles. Lateral entry helps fill these gaps. According to a 2023-24 parliamentary panel report on the DoPT, only 442 IAS officers were working with the Union government, against the required strength of 1,469. View of NITI Ayyog and various commissions View of NITI Ayyog and various commissions The policy of lateral entry originated from recommendations by the NITI Aayog report, report, which highlighted the need for specialists in policymaking due to the economy’s growing complexity. NITI Aayog in its 2017 2017 Disadvantages Disadvantages Lateral entry has faced criticism for not applying caste caste- -based reservations, based reservations, potentially sidelining marginalized groups. not applying It proposed inducting experts to enhance competition and bring fresh talent into governance. 44 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 own life, usually by consuming a prescribed lethal dose of medication. Critics argue that such appointments bypass the DoPT’s roster system, which applies reservation to each department individually, not across ministries. Euthanasia: Euthanasia: A doctor or healthcare provider actively administers a lethal substance to end the life of a patient, typically at their request, to relieve extreme suffering. Entrants may lack knowledge of governmental Entrants may lack knowledge of governmental procedures procedures and hierarchies, leading to inefficiencies. Status Across the Globe Status Across the Globe Cooperation related challenges with existing civil servants. The practice of assisted dying The practice of assisted dying is highly controversial and is legal in only a few countries or regions, legal in only a few countries or regions, with strict guidelines and regulations where it is permitted. Way Ahead Way Ahead The lateral entry holds promise for modernizing India’s administrative machinery but it must be implemented with transparency, fairness, and clear integration mechanisms to ensure long-term success. Switzerland Switzerland was the first country which in 1942 1942 legalised assisted dying. Across Europe, six countries have some form of Across Europe, six countries have some form of legalised assisted dying: legalised assisted dying: Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain and Austria. UK Assisted Dying Bill UK Assisted Dying Bill Syllabus: GS2/Polity/Health/GS4/Ethics Syllabus: GS2/Polity/Health/GS4/Ethics Later on the U.S., Australia and New Zealand U.S., Australia and New Zealand enacted related legislations. Context Context The U.K. House of Commons passed the Assisted Dying Bill Dying Bill to allow terminally ill people in England terminally ill people in England and Wales to end their lives. and Wales to end their lives. Assisted Canada’s 2016 Medical Assistance in Dying law Canada’s 2016 Medical Assistance in Dying law may be availed even by those whose condition is not terminal. About About What is the position in India? What is the position in India? The bill will only apply to people in England and Wales who have less than six months to live. who have less than six months to live. The Supreme Court had in 2018 legalised euthanasia, euthanasia, contingent upon the person having a “living will”. 2018 legalised passive passive A patient choosing to die would need to be of competent mind competent mind and two doctors, a psychiatrist, two doctors, a psychiatrist, senior lawyer and social worker senior lawyer and social worker would need to sign off on their decision. SC held that the ‘right to die with dignity’ ‘right to die with dignity’ forms a part of the right to life under Article 21 right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Advocates Advocates regard the new Bill as a humane and compassionate intervention compassionate intervention that brings closure to a painful dependence on the immediate family. humane and A living will is a written document living will is a written document that specifies the act actions to be taken if the person is ions to be taken if the person is unable to make their own medical decisions in the future. Opponents Opponents are apprehensive that the severely disabled and vulnerable patients may feel forced to end their lives to relieve the burden on relatives. Goa is the first state that has formalised, Goa is the first state that has formalised, to some extent, the implementation of directives issued by the Supreme Court. What is Assisted Dying? What is Assisted Dying? In 2024, the Health Ministry released dra Health Ministry released draft ft guidelines guidelines on withdrawing medical support for terminally ill patients. Assisted dying refers to the act of helping someone intentionally end their life, intentionally end their life, typically to relieve suffering from a terminal illness or severe, untreatable pain. act of helping someone These specify that doctors must refrain from initiating life-support measures when they offer no benefit to the patient and are likely to cause suffering and a loss of dignity. There are two There are two main forms: main forms: Assisted Suicide: Assisted Suicide: A person, with the help of a medical professional or another person, takes their 45 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Alternative Solutions: Alternative Solutions: Advocates argue that palliative care and pain management can provide relief, making assisted dying unnecessary. Way Ahead Way Ahead Stronger Regulations: Stronger Regulations: Implementing strict legal safeguards to ensure it is only available to those who meet specific criteria. Palliative Care Expansion: Palliative Care Expansion: Improving access to high- quality palliative care to address suffering and reduce the demand for assisted dying. Public Debate: Public Debate: Ongoing discussions about the moral, legal, and ethical implications of assisted dying, can be considered while framing the guidelines. International Perspective: International Perspective: Countries may look to those with legal assisted dying frameworks for guidance on effective regulation and safeguards. Arg Arguments in Favour of Assisted Dying uments in Favour of Assisted Dying Mental Health Support: Mental Health Support: Providing psychological evaluations to prevent coercion or impulsive decisions and ensu Autonomy and Choice: Autonomy and Choice: Individuals should have the right to make decisions about their own lives, including the choice to end it to avoid prolonged suffering. GS Paper GS Paper- -2 (Governance) 2 (Governance) and GS Paper Reforms, Economy) Reforms, Economy) of the UPSC Civil Services Examination. GS Paper- -3 3 (Land (Land Relief from Suffering: Relief from Suffering: Assisted dying provides a compassionate option for those with terminal illnesses or unbearable pain, allowing them to die with dignity. Context and Need for the Bill: Context and Need for the Bill: Outdated 1908 Act: Outdated 1908 Act: The existing law is a colonial- era remnant, ill-equipped to handle modern property transactions and the digital age. Quality of Life: Quality of Life: For some, the quality of life may deteriorate to a point where death is seen as a better option than living with constant suffering or loss of independence. Issues with current syste Issues with current system: delays, intermediaries, scope for fraud, and lack of transparency. m: Paper-heavy processes, Respect for Individual Rights: Respect for Individual Rights: People should have control over their bodies and lives, including the decision to end their life in a humane and controlled manner. Promoting Digital India: Promoting Digital India: The bill aligns with the government’s vision of digital governance and ease of doing business. Arguments Against Assisted Dying Arguments Against Assisted Dying Growing reliance on registered Growing reliance on registered documents: documents: Registered documents are crucial for financial dealings, legal matters, and government services, necessitating a robust and reliable system. Moral and Ethical Concerns: Moral and Ethical Concerns: Many believe that taking a life, even at the person’s request, is morally wrong and goes against the sanctity of life. Risk of Abuse: Risk of Abuse: Vulnerable individuals, such as those with mental health issues or pressure from family, may be coerced into choosing assisted dying. 2. Key Features of the Draft Registration Bill, 2025: 2. Key Features of the Draft Registration Bill, 2025: End End- -to to- -End Digital Registration: End Digital Registration: Enables a completely online process from submission to final registration. Citizens will have the option for both online and traditional offline methods. Medical Medical Ethics: traditionally bound to preserve life, and assisted dying may conflict with the fundamental role of doctors in healing and care. Ethics: Healthcare professionals are Aadhaar Aadhaar- -Based Verification (with Based Verification (with alternatives): alternatives): Allows Aadhaar for identity 46 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Cybersecurity Risks: Cybersecurity Risks: The transition to digital records necessitates robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive property data and e-signatures from breaches and cybercrime. verification with informed consent, while also providing for alternative methods to ensure no denial of service. Expanded Scope of Registrable Documents: Expanded Scope of Registrable Documents: Widens the list of documents that must be registered, including agreements for sale, power of attorneys (POAs), mortgages created by deposit of title deeds, and business mergers involving immovable property. This aims to increase transparency and curb fraud. Procedural Gaps with CSCs: Procedural Gaps with CSCs: Delegation of legally sensitive functions like stamp duty valuation and title transfer to Common Services Centres (CSCs) might lead to inconsistencies or procedural lapses if not properly regulated and monitored. Digital Divide: Digital Divide: Ensuring equitable access to online registration for citizens in remote areas or those with limited digital literacy remains a challenge. Clear Grounds for Refusal and Cancellation: Clear Grounds for Refusal and Cancellation: Defines specific reasons for a Sub-Registrar to refuse registration. It also empowers the Inspector General of Registration to cancel fraudulent or illegal registrations, with an appeal provision. Data Integrity and Accuracy: Data Integrity and Accuracy: The success of digitization heavily relies on the accuracy and integrity of the initial data entry and ongoing updates to prevent the legitimization of historical injustices or fraudulent claims. Reduced Penalties: Reduced Penalties: Proposes a reduction in imprisonment terms for offenses from the current seven years to three years, along with fines. Infrastructure Requirements: Infrastructure Requirements: Adequate digital infrastructure and training for officials and the public are crucial for seamless implementation. New Administrative Roles New Administrative Roles: : Introduces Additional and Assistant Inspector Generals of Registration to strengthen the oversight and administration of the registration process. 5. Related Government Initiatives (Contextual 5. Related Government Initiatives (Contextual Linkages): Linkages): Integration with other systems: Integration with other systems: Enables electronic integration with other record-keeping systems for enhanced efficiency and data integrity. Digital India Land Records Modernization Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP): Programme (DILRMP): This ongoing program aims to modernize and integrate land records, reduce disputes, and improve transparency. The Draft Registration Bill complements and builds upon the objectives of DILRMP. 3. Potential Benefits: 3. Potential Benefits: Increased Transparency and Reduced Fraud: Increased Transparency and Reduced Fraud: Digital records and expanded mandatory registration are expected to significantly curb property-related fraud and disputes. SVAMITVA Scheme: SVAMITVA Scheme: Launched to provide “Record of Rights” to property owners in rural areas using drone and GIS technology, which further emphasizes the government’s push towards clear land titles and digital records. Ease of Doing Business and Living Ease of Doing Business and Living: : Simplifies property transactions, reducing the need for physical visits and reliance on intermediaries, saving time and money for citizens. NAKSHA Programme: NAKSHA Programme: A tech-driven initiative to modernize urban land records. Enhanced Accountability: Enhanced Accountability: Clearly defined roles and powers for registration officers will lead to greater accountability. 6. UPSC Exam Relevance: 6. UPSC Exam Relevance: Prelims: Prelims: Questions can be framed on the key features of the bill, its purpose, the existing act it replaces, and related government schemes (DILRMP, SVAMITVA). Streamlined Processes: Streamlined Processes: Faster approval of home loans and other financial transactions due to instant verification of digitally recorded documents. Accessibility for all, including NRIs: Accessibility for all, including NRIs: Online processes and Aadhaar authentication can facilitate property transactions for NRIs and those who cannot physically be present. Mains (GS Mains (GS- -2 Governance): 2 Governance): Government Policies and Interventions for Government Policies and Interventions for Development: Development: Analyze how the bill promotes good governance, transparency, and ease of doing business. 4. Concerns and Challenges: 4. Concerns and Challenges: 47 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Creation of a digital inventory with geo-tagging of all Waqf properties Issues Arising Out Issues Arising Out of Design and Implementation of of Design and Implementation of Policies: Policies: Discuss the challenges related to cybersecurity, digital divide, and implementation through CSCs. Online grievance redressal system for better responsiveness Role of Technology in Governance: Role of Technology in Governance: Evaluate the transformative potential and associated risks of digitizing property records. Transparent leasing and usage tracking Integration with GIS mapping and other e- Governance tools (GS (GS- -3 Economy): 3 Economy): Public access to verified records and reports. Reforms: Reforms: Discuss how the bill contributes to land reforms by formalizing property titles and reducing disputes. First First- -Ever Household Income Survey in 2026 Ever Household Income Survey in 2026 Syllabus: GS2/ Governance, Syllabus: GS2/ Governance, GS3/ Economy GS3/ Economy Ease of Doing Business: Ease of Doing Business: Analyze its impact on property transactions and investment. Context Context The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) will conduct the first-ever Household Income Survey in 2026. 7. Way Forward/Suggestions: 7. Way Forward/Suggestions: Robust cybersecurity framework and data protection laws. About About Capacity building and training for all stakeholders. This will be India’s first comprehensive, nationwide India’s first comprehensive, nationwide survey survey focused entirely on household income, including both rural and urban segments. Public awareness campaigns to ensure widespread adoption. Clear guidelines and oversight for CSCs involved in registration processes. Lead Agency: Lead Agency: Conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) Survey Office (NSSO) under the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI). National Sample (MoSPI). Mechanisms for grievance redressal and appeals. Technical Expert Group (TEG): Technical Expert Group (TEG): It was constituted by MoSPI under the Chairmanship of Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla Bhalla. Dr. Surjit S. UMEED Portal UMEED Portal Syllabus: GS2/ Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Governance Mandate of TEG: Mandate of TEG: Context Context Finalize definitions, concepts, survey tools, and sampling methods, The Minority Affairs Ministry actively engages with States and Union Territories to ensure effective implementation of the UMEED portal, ensuring all Waqf properties Waqf properties are uploaded within six months. Adopt best practices from countries like the US, Australia, Canada, and South Africa to address prior underreporting, six months. About UMEED Portal About UMEED Portal Guide estimation methods, data quality protocols, result finalization, and publication timelines, The portal is developed by the Ministry of Minority Affairs Affairs to manage Waqf properties efficiently across India. Ministry of Minority Incorporate digital tools to capture technology- driven impacts on wages and income. The UMEED Central Portal, short for Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development Act Development Act, 1995 , 1995 will serve as a centralized digital platform digital platform for real-time uploading, verification, and monitoring of Waqf properties. Unified Waqf Significance of the Household Income Survey Significance of the Household Income Survey First Accurate Mapping of Income First Accurate Mapping of Income Distribution: Distribution: Despite decades of data on consumption, poverty, and employment, India lacks official statistics on household income levels and distribution. centralized Key Features of the Portal are: Key Features of the Portal are: 48 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 can navigate complex interviews and probe sensitively without causing discomfort or suspicion. The survey fills a critical gap, enabling policymakers to understand income inequality, understand income inequality, inter inter- -regional disparities, regional disparities, and the actual spread of economic growth. economic growth. spread of Way Ahead Way Ahead Institutionalising the Survey: Institutionalising the Survey: Rather than a one-off exercise, the Household Income Survey Household Income Survey should be institutionalised at regular intervals, allowing tracking of trends over time and enabling better long-term planning. Targeting of Welfare Schemes: Targeting of Welfare Schemes: The government can more effectively design and implement subsidies, social protection, and direct benefit transfers social protection, and direct benefit transfers, moving toward evidence-based and inclusive policymaking. subsidies, Detailed training of field investigators Detailed training of field investigators is essential, not only in technical methods but also in building trust with respondents, navigating sensitive income questions, and understanding local income patterns. Analysis of Tech Analysis of Technology Impact: assess how digital platforms, gig work, automation, and informal employment influence household earnings, an area underexplored by existing datasets. nology Impact: The survey will INTERNATIONAL RELATIO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NS Benchmark for Fiscal and Tax Policy: Benchmark for Fiscal and Tax Policy: It can provide a realistic baseline fo baseline for taxation policies, income r taxation policies, income slabs, and fiscal redistribution slabs, and fiscal redistribution strategies by capturing actual income flows across sectors and classes. International Organisation for Mediation (IOMed) International Organisation for Mediation (IOMed) Syllabus: GS2/ International Relation Syllabus: GS2/ International Relation In News In News International Comparability: International Comparability: Countries like the USA, Australia, and South Africa regularly conduct income surveys. China asks Nepal to join its new International mediation organisation mediation organisation. International About International Organisation for Mediation About International Organisation for Mediation Challen Challenges in Conducting the Survey ges in Conducting the Survey It is a China China- -led global initiative led global initiative, formally launched on May 30, 2025, in Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Disclosure Hesitation: Disclosure Hesitation: Households often understate or conceal income, especially from informal or cash-based sources, fearing taxation or legal scrutiny. It is positioned as an alternative dispute resolution alternative dispute resolution forum forum aimed at resolving international conflicts through mediation, rather than arbitration or litigation. Complex and Diverse Income Sources: Complex and Diverse Income Sources: Indian households earn from multiple, fragmented streams—agriculture, daily wages, remittances, informal trades, and pensions. At its inception, the IOMed saw participation from 33 founding member countries, many of them developing nations from Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia regions where China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has already been established. Capturing and verifying these streams, especially in rural settings, is technically demanding. Mismatch Between Income, Consumption, and Mismatch Between Income, Consumption, and Savings: Savings: Previous surveys found reported income lower than total consumption and savings, suggesting gaps in recall accuracy or deliberate misreporting. The convention promotes mediation based on key international norms: international norms: sovereign equality, non interference in internal affairs, interference in internal affairs, and peaceful resolution of disputes. sovereign equality, non- - Seasonality and Volatility of Earnings: Seasonality and Volatility of Earnings: In sectors like agriculture and construction, incomes fluctuate widely across months or seasons. A single-point survey may fail to capture these variations unless longitudinal or repeated visits are used. Why does China favor this? Why does China favor this? Undercut Western Undercut Western- -led International Court of Justice or Permanent Court of Arbitration, which China views as extensions of the U.S.-European influence. led institutions: institutions: Like the Training of Field Enumerators: Training of Field Enumerators: Gathering reliable income data requires well-trained surveyors who 49 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 PM IAS ACADEMY JUNE CA Compilation 2025 Significance of the Maritime Agreement Significance of the Maritime Agreement Promotes China’s model of “Asian Promotes China’s model of “Asian- -style diplomacy”: diplomacy”: That emphasizes consensus, informality, and face-saving negotiations. style Strategic Leverage: Strategic Leverage: Strengthens India’s position in Indo-Pacific maritime security and port logistics. Advances the Global Security Initiative (GSI) and Advances the Global Security Initiative (GSI) and Global Civilization In Global Civilization Initiative (GCI): itiative (GCI): China’s diplomatic branding campaigns that push “multipolarity” and “civilizational harmony” as alternatives to the liberal international order. Green Shipping: Green Shipping: Supports India’s vision of carbon- neutral maritime logistics, in sync with Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 Amrit Kaal Vision 2047. Maritime Employment Creation: Employment Creation: Utilises India’s skilled maritime workforce to plug labour gaps in Japan. Indian seafarers account for nearly 10% of the global maritime workforce. India and Japan Agrees to Deepen Maritime India and Japan Agrees to Deepen Maritime Relations Relations Syllabus: GS2/ International Relations Syllabus: GS2/ International Relations Technology Advancement: Technology Advancement: Facilitates transfer of clean, smart maritime technologies, bolstering India’s innovation base. In N In News ews India and Japan have formally agreed to deepen maritime relations, reaffirming their shared commitment to regional cooperation in the maritime sector. Overview of India Overview of India– –Japan Relations Japan Relations Foundation: Foundation: Historical and Cultural Links: Historical and Cultural Links: Relations are rooted in ancient cultural exchanges, particularly the shared heritage of Buddhism. Figures like Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, and Justice Radha Binod Pal have played roles in fostering connections. Key Highlights of Maritime Cooperation Key Highlights of Maritime Cooperation Smart Islands and Renewable Energy: Smart Islands and Renewable Energy: Japan has extended support to develop Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands into smart, green islands using renewable energy, disaster-resilient infrastructure, and sustainable maritime ecosystems. Post Post- -WWII Treaty: WWII Treaty: India was one of the first countries to sign a peace treaty with Japan after World War II in 1952, waiving all reparation claims, signifying an early foundation of goodwill. Port Digitisation and Emission Reduction: Port Digitisation and Emission Reduction: The two sides have agreed on using digital technologies in port operations to enhance efficiency, reduce logistical costs, and minimise carbon emissions. This aligns with India’s smart port initiative. Strategic Partnership: Strategic Partnership: Indo Indo- -Pacific Vision: Pacific Vision: Both nations share the vision of a “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” (FOIP) and“Indo- Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI),” crucial for regional peace, stability, and prosperity. Employment and Skilling of Seafarers: Employment and Skilling of Seafarers: With over 1.54 lakh 1.54 lakh trained Indian seafarers, Japan has expressed interest in recruiting Indian maritime professionals to meet its skilled labour shortage in the maritime sector. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad): Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad): India and Japan are key members of the Quad, alongside the United States and Australia, which aims to promote security and stability in the Indo-Pacific. Investment in Maritime Infrastructure: Investment in Maritime Infrastructure: Japan’s Imabari Shipbuilding is proposing a greenfield shipyard project in Andhra Pradesh, reflecting Japan’s intent to bolster India’s domestic shipbuilding capacity, vital for its Maritime India Vision 2030. Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI): Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI): They work together under the SCRI framework to diversify supply chains and reduce reliance on single sources, particularly to counter China’s dominance. R&D and Technology Transfer: R&D and Technology Transfer: Enhanced cooperation in next-generation ship design, sustainable maritime technologies, and joint R&D through Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) is on the agenda. This includes clean fuel vessels and automation in shipbuilding. Defense Cooperation: Defense Cooperation: This includes joint military exercises (e.g., JIMEX, Dharma Guardian), 2+2 dialogues (ministerial-level discussions), and agreements like the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) for logistics support. There’s a growing focus on co-production of defense equipment, such as the UNICORN mast system. 50 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

UPSC-JUN-2025

UPSC-JUN-2025

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Jun Meng

JUN 2011

JUN 2014

by Jun

2013.Jun

Jun 2012

Jun 2014

Hui-jun Li

The Story of jun: c-jun and v-jun

Jun/2001

6. Und 7. Sitzung: 05. Jun./ 12. Jun.

Jun. 5. 2001

Invitation Jun 2005

Jun 2013

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