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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Biology . Scientific study of life Lays the foundation for asking basic questions about life and the natural world. 2. Why Study Biology?. To learn how organisms are constructed, how they function, where they live, and what they do

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1

  2. Biology Scientific study of life Lays the foundation for asking basic questions about life and the natural world 2

  3. Why Study Biology? To learn how organisms are constructed, how they function, where they live, and what they do To help develop, modify, and refine ideas about life 3

  4. Levels of Organization Chemical: Subatomic particle atom  molecule Living: Organelle cell  Tissue Organ Organ System Population Community Physical & Living: Ecosystem Biosphere 5

  5. Atoms  molecules organelles cells tissue Organ  organ systemorganism population

  6. Community ecosystem biosphere

  7. Chemical Level Subatomic particles protons electron neutron Atoms the smallest units of nature’s fundamental substances Molecules 2 or more atoms combined 8

  8. Molecules of Life All things are made up of the same units of matter Living things are made up of a certain subset of molecules: Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids 9

  9. Living Level Organelle small “organ” like structures in a cell Cell smallest unit of life Tissue group of cells 10

  10. Living Level cont. Organ groups of tissues functioning together Organ System group of organs functioning together Organism Organ systems functioning as a whole 11

  11. Living Level Cont. Population group of the same species in an area Community populations of all species in an area 12

  12. Physical & Living Level Ecosystem community interacting with physical & chemical environment Biosphere includes all regions of Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere in which organisms live 13

  13. Nature shows levels of organization, from the simple to increasingly complex (inclusive levels of organization). • Life’s unique characteristics emerge as atoms and molecules interact and form cells. • The quality called “life” emerges at the level of cells. • Life’s not easy to define; it’s just too big and has been changing for 3.8 billion years. 14

  14. All living organisms are composed of cells The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Cytology- the study of cells Characteristics of Living Things

  15. All living organisms metabolize. Vocabulary: Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism

  16. All living things grow and reproduce. Life only comes from life DNA is always involved Asexual reproduction- Sexual reproduction-

  17. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Nucleic Acid • Genetic info • Controls heredity • 50% from each parent • Controls protein synthesis (making) by assembling amino acids • Used for cell growth (hormones) • Reproduction (hormones) • Energy Processing enzymes (digestion) 18

  18. Reproduction Mechanism by which parents transmit DNA to offspring DNA guides growth & reproduction 19

  19. Sensing and Responding Organisms sense changes in their environment and make responses to them Receptors detect specific forms of energy (stimuli) Allows maintenance of homeostasis All living organisms are capable of responsiveness 20

  20. All living things display homeostasis. • Homeostasis- Conditions in the internal environment are kept within a tolerable range (constant or stable) • Examples • Your blood pressure 120/80 • Temperature 98.6F 21

  21. All living things are composed of the same substances. Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

  22. Nothing Lives without Energy Energy = Capacity to do work ALL ENERGY IN AN ECOSYTEM ORIGINALLY COMES FROM THE SUN!! 23

  23. Interdependencies among Organisms Producers (autotrophs) Make their own food ex. Plants Consumers (heterotrophs) Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers ex. Humans Decomposers Break down remains and wastes Ex. Mushrooms, bacteria, some animals 24

  24. Energy Flow Usually starts with energy from sun Transfer from one organism to another Energy flows in one direction Eventually, all energy flows back to the environment 25

  25. Energy Path • Example: Energy is Transmitted from plants (producers) to animals (consumers) then bacteria (decomposers) to return to environment to be reused by plants again. 26

  26. energy input, from sun Producers (plants, and other self-feeding organisms) NutrientCycling Consumers Animals, most fungi, many protists, manybacteria energy output (mainly metabolic heat) 29

  27. Symbiosis “sym”- together Can benefit or harm the participants.

  28. Types of Symbiosis Parasitism-One organism benefits, one loses (host usually bigger than the parasite) Predation-One organism benefits, one loses (prey usually smaller than the predator)

  29. Types of Symbiosis Mutualism- Both organisms benefit Commensalism- One organism benefits, one is unaffected.

  30. Although unity provides the world of life, so does diversity. Organisms differ enormously in body form, the functions of their body parts, and behavior. 35

  31. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) Developed a system of binomial nomenclature. A two part naming system. Catagorized things based on structure. We catagorize based mostly on evolutionary relationship. Latin is the scientific language for naming

  32. What is in a name? • Homo sapien or H. sapien • When writing a scientific name, the genus name is capitalized and the specific epithet is not. • The entire species name is underlined or italicized. 37

  33. Classification Scheme Domain (most inclusive) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (least inclusive) 38

  34. New terms Prokaryotic- single celled organism with no true nucleus Eukaryotic- single or multicelled organism with a nucleus Habitat- place organism lives 39

  35. 3 Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya 40

  36. Domains • Three: • Bacteria • Single celled, prokaryotic, most of all known bacteria, one kingdom • Archea • Single celled, prokaryotic, extreme habitats, one kingdom • Eukarya • Single to multicelled, eukaryotic, four kingdoms 41

  37. Comparison of Life’s Three Domains(KNOW THIS TABLE!) 42

  38. 6 Kingdoms Protistans Plants Fungi Animals Eukaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Origin of life 43

  39. bacteria 44

  40. Bacillus anthracis Cyanobacteria= blue green algae Has been on earth for over three billion years! 45

  41. Other Types of Eubacteria: Staphylococcus Streptococcus E. coli Salmonella bacteria in yogurt bacteria in the human digestive tract bacteria responsible for botulism and used to prepare Botox bacteria used to clean sewage treatment facilities 46

  42. Examples of Life’s Diversity Archaea 47

  43. Protista Single or multicelled Simplest eukaryotic 48

  44. Ameoba Plasmodium Organism causing Malaria is also a protist 49

  45. Examples of Life’s Diversity Protists 50

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