Founding the Colonies

1. Founding the Colonies

2. Objective: To examine the importance of the Protestant Reformation and the causes and effects of Spain’s conflict with England. Describe how each of the 13 Colonies were founded. Martin Luther Henry VIII

3. Luther’s followers became known as Protestants. Luther posting his “95 Theses” on a church door. (Germany)

4. Protestant Reformation • In 1517, Martin Luther protested against the Catholic Church in the following ways. - He felt that the Catholic Church had become too greedy. - He was against the Catholic belief that people need to perform good works in order to gain eternal life. - Instead, Luther believed that people could only be saved by their faith in God.

5. England was Protestant, while Spain was Catholic. Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic Protestant Muslim Jewish

6. Marriage to Catherine of Aragon • In 1509, Henry VIII had married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and the aunt of Emperor Charles V. By 1527, the union had produced no male heir to the throne and only one surviving child, a daughter, Mary. Henry was justifiably concerned about the political consequences of leaving only a female heir. In this period, people believed it unnatural for women to rule over men. At best a woman ruler meant a contested reign, at worst turmoil and revolution.

7. The King’s Affair • By 1527, Henry was thoroughly enamored of Anne Bolyn, one of Catherine’s ladies in waiting. He determined to put Catherine aside and take Anne as his wife. This he could not do in Catholic England, however, without papal annulment of the marriage to Catherine. The year 1527 was also the year when soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire mutinied and sacked Rome. The reigning Pope Clement VII was at the time a prisoner of Charles V, who happened also to be Catherine’s nephew.

8. Marriage to Anne Boleyn • In January 1533, Henry wed the pregnant Anne Boleyn, with Thomas Cranmer officiating.

9. Invalidation of First Marriage • In March 1533. Cranmer became archbishop of Canterbury and led the Convocation in invalidating the King’s marriage to Catherine.

10. Dissolution of the Monasteries • In 1538. Parliament dissolved England’s monasteries and convents.

11. The Six Wives of Henry VIII • To satisfy his desires and to secure a male heir, Henry married six times: • His marriage to CATHERINE OF ARAGON was annulled 1533. • In 1536, ANNE BOLEYN was executed for alleged treason and adultery and her daughter Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. • JANE SEYMOUR died in 1537 shortly after giving birth to the future Edward VI. • Henry wed ANNE OF CLEVES sight unseen on the advice of Cromwell, the purpose being to create by the marriage an alliance with the Protestant princes. The marriage was annulled by Parliament and Cromwell was dismissed and eventually executed. • CATHERINE HOWARD was beheaded for adultery in 1542. • Henry’s last wife, CATHERINE PARR, a patron of humanists and reformers, survived him.

12. Eventually, Henry’s daughter Elizabeth would become the Queen of England. She was queen for 44 years and never married because she was devoted to her country.

13. Roanoke Island (Lost Colony) • Sir Walter Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth of England if he could lead a group of people to begin a colony in North America. • Queen Elizabeth gave Raleigh a charter (a document that allowed colonists to live on land owned by their country.)

14. Roanoke Island (1st Time) • In 1585, the first English people tried to begin a colony. • This became the 1st English colony in North America. • It failed due to hunger and bad relations with the Native Americans. • All but 15 men went back to England on a ship.

15. Roanoke Island (2nd Time) • In 1587, Raleigh sent colonists a second time. • The 15 men that had stayed behind the 1st time had been killed by then. • John White was the colony’s governor. • This time, the colonist brought their wives and children. • John White’s granddaughter, Virginia Dare was born 1 month after they arrived in North America on August 18 the first English baby born in the USA.

16. Spanish Armada • In 1588, King Philip II decided to attack England. • The English defeated the all powerful Spanish Armada because they had quicker ships and a violent storm helped destroy the Spanish ships. Picture Credit: http://www.nmm.ac.uk/adventure/games/armada/page2.htm#

17. Spanish Armada * In 1588, England defeated the Spanish Armada, ending Spain’s reign as the world’s most powerful nation. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796 depicts the Battle of Gravelines

18. The Lost Colony • John White returned in August 1590 to find no colonists on Roanoke Island. • On one of the trees was written CROATOAN. • Croatoan was the name of an island nearby as well as the name of the Native Americans living in the area. Picture Credit: http://www.outer-banks.com/lost.cfm

19. Ending the Good Relations with the Native Americans • Because the 15 men had been killed by Native Americans, John White decided that they should pay the Native Americans back. • He ordered his men to attack the the Powhatans since supposedly, they were the ones who had killed the 15 men. • However, they instead attacked the Croatoan Native Americans who had been their friends and helped them. After the battle, the Croatoans were enemies. • This forced John White to have to go back to England for more food and supplies.

20. Virginia 1607southern • Founded in 1607 by the London Company. • Founded for profit and trade. • Located in Southern Region

21. Virginia • John Smith became the leader (martial law). • Great place to grow tobacco and corn. • Named for England’s Queen Elizabeth I. (“Virgin Queen”) • Officially became a state on June 25, 1788.

22. Plymouth, Massachusetts 1620NEW ENGLAND • Founded by William Bradford for religious reasons. • Bradford was a Separatist, also know as a Pilgrim • Separatists were persecuted in England because of their religious practices. • Located in New England Region. The Mayflower NOT Plymouth rock! Pilgrims praying before setting sail

23. New York 1626MIDDLE COLONIES • Originally called New Netherlands • Taken over by England and renamed New York • Founded for trade and profit. • Located in the Middle Region

24. New York • Founded by the Dutch West India Company and was known as “New Netherland.” It was renamed in 1664 when the English took control. (Peter Minuit) • Area was great for shipbuilding and iron works. • Also, a good place to grow grain such as wheat and to raise cattle. • Named for the “Duke of York.” • Officially became a state on July 26, 1788.

25. Massachusetts Bay 1630NEW ENGLAND • Founded by John Winthrop for religious reasons. • Winthrop was a Puritan • Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of England. • Puritans were persecuted in England for their beliefs. • Founded for religious freedom for Puritans • Located in New England Region

26. Massachusetts • Founded originally as two different colonies: Plymouth Colony in 1620 by the Pilgrims, and Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 by the Puritans. The two colonies were united in 1691. (John Winthrop) • Great for fishing, growing corn, and raising livestock. • Also, great place for lumbering and shipbuilding. • Name came from a tribal word meaning “large hill place.” • Officially became a state on February 6, 1788.

27. New Hampshire 1630NEW ENGLAND • Founded by John Mason. • Founded as an escape for those constricted by religious and economic rules. • Located in the New England Region

28. New Hampshire • Originally part of Maine, but became its own colony in 1629. Then from 1641-1643, it became part of Massachusetts. Finally, in 1679 it became its own colony again. (John Wheelwright) • Great place to manufacture textiles and for shipbuilding. • It also, had good land for growing potatoes and the water surrounding it was great for fishing. • Named for the “county of Hampshire in England.” • Officially became a state on June 21, 1788.

29. Maryland:1634SOUTHERN • Founded by John Calvert as a place for Catholics to worship freely. • Located in the Southern Region

30. Maryland • Land was granted to Lord Baltimore a.k.a. John Calvert. • Great land to grow corn, wheat, rice, and indigo. • Also a good place for shipbuilding and iron works. • Named for “Queen Henrietta Maria of England.” • Officially became a state on April 28, 1788.

31. Connecticut 1636NEW ENGLAND • Founded by Thomas Hooker (Puritan minister) • Founded for religious, economic and political freedom. • Located in the New England Region

32. Connecticut • Founded by settlers originally from Massachusetts and other colonies. Was named New Haven Colony in 1638 and soon renamed Connecticut. (Thomas Hooker) • Great land for growing wheat and corn and for catching fish. • Its name came from an Algonquin word, meaning “beside the long tidal river.” • Officially became a state on February 6, 1788.

33. Delaware 1638MIDDLE • Founded for profit. • Founded by Peter Minuit . • Located in the Middle Region.

34. Delaware • Originally settled by the Swedes, but taken over by the Dutch in 1655. Then England took control in 1664. Finally, in 1682, the land was granted to William Penn. (Peter Minuit) • Great area for fishing and lumbering. • Named for the Delaware tribe and an early governor of Virginia, “Lord de la Warr.” • Officially became a state on December 7, 1787.

35. Rhode Island 1644NEW ENGLAND • Settled by two different Massachusetts groups and was united in 1644. (Roger Williams) • Rhode Island was a great place for raising livestock, dairy, and fishing. • It was also a good area for lumbering. • The name came from the Dutch, meaning “red island.” • Officially became a state on May 29, 1790

36. North Carolina: 1653SOUTHERN • Founded by a group of proprietors. • Proprietors are owners of businesses. • Founded for trade and profit and large amounts of land. • Located in the Southern Region

37. North Carolina • Settled by members of the other colonies. Granted a private company in 1663 and divided into two colonies in 1711. • Great place to grow indigo, rice, and tobacco. • Name came from the Latin word carolus, meaning “Charles.” • Officially became a state on November 21, 1789.

38. New Jersey 1660MIDDLE • Founded by Lord Berkeley. • Founded for profit. • Located in the Middle Region

39. New Jersey • Originally settled by the Dutch, but in 1644 it was taken over by England. • Great place for ironworking and lumbering. • Named for the “Isle of Jersey in England.” • Officially became a state on December 18, 1787.

40. South Carolina 1670SOUTHERN • Founded by a group of proprietors. • Founded for trade and profit and vast amounts of land. • Located in the Southern Region

41. South Carolina • Originally part of the Carolina Colony. Separated in 1711, and became a Royal Providence in 1729. • Like North Carolina it had great land for growing indigo, rice, tobacco, and cotton. • South Carolina’s land could also support the raising of cattle. • Like North Carolina, the name came from the Latin word carolus, meaning “Charles.” • Officially became a state on May 23, 1788.

42. Pennsylvania: 1682MIDDLE • Founded by William Penn. • Penn belonged to a religious group known as the Quakers. • Established the colony as a place for them to worship freely and for profit. • Located in the Middle Region

43. Pennsylvania • Settled by the Dutch and Swedes, but England took control in 1664. Then it was granted to William Penn by Charles II in 1681. • Great place to grow and raise wheat, corn, cattle, and dairy. • Also known as a place for papermaking, shipbuilding, and textiles. • Named for William Penn and for the Latin word sylvania, meaning “forest.” • Officially became a state on December 12, 1787.

44. Georgia 1773SOUTHERN • Founded by James Oglethorpe. • Established as a debtor’s colony, for social mobility, political freedom, and as a buffer against the Spanish in Florida • Located in the Southern Region

45. Georgia • Granted a private company by George II in 1732 and was settled a year later in Savannah. (James Oglethorpe) • Great land for growing indigo, rice, and sugar. • Named for England’s King George II. • Officially became a state on January 2, 1788.