Upper Motor Neuron Lesion: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

1. Upper Motor Neuron Lesion: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment The human nervous system is a sophisticated network of nerve cells that controls everything from simple movements such as wiggling your fingers to complex processes like thinking. One essential element of this system is the upper motor neurons (UMNs) – nerve cells whose origin is in the brain and transmit motor signals along with the spinal cord. When these neurons are damaged, the result is known as an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMNL). This condition can significantly impact muscle movement and coordination. Understanding the causes of an upper motor neuron lesion, its characteristic symptoms and its treatments is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment. What is an Upper motor neuron lesion? An upper motor neuron lesion is an injury to the motor tracts which passes from the cerebral cortex (or brainstem) down to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. They do not directly link with muscle but are responsible for passing on signals to produce voluntary movement. Lesions of these pathways can cause certain motor signs which are quite different from lower motor neuron lesions. Upper motor neuron lesion – Common Causes UMNLs may be caused by several conditions, frequently related to trauma or diseases that affect the spinal cord and brain. The most common causes are- Stroke- Sudden loss of blood supply to the brain has the potential to destroy the motor cortex or descending tracts. • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)- Trauma due to accidents or falls can damage upper motor neurons. • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) – This autoimmune condition leads to demyelination in the central nervous system, usually involving UMNs. • Cerebral Palsy- A category of development disorders that impact movement and muscle tone, usually resulting from brain damage before or at birth. • Spinal cord injury- Injury to the spinal cord- particularly the upper segments- can interfere with UMN pathways. • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – A motor neuron disease of progressive neurodegeneration involving both upper and lower motor neurons. • Important symptoms of Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMNL) Unlike lower motor neuron lesions, which produce weakness and muscle wasting, UMNLs generate a distinct set of signs. These are: Spasticity- Hyperactive muscle tone leads to stiffness and resistance to movement. • Hyperreflexia- Exaggerated deep tendons such as the knee-jerk reflex, are frequent. • Weakness of muscles- Specifically in certain muscle groups, depending on where the lesion is located. •

2. Clonus- Quick, rhythmic muscle contractions when stretched. • Babinski Sign- An abnormal reaction in which the large toe bends up when the sole of the foot is pressed upon normal in infants but a cause for concern in adults. • Minimal Muscle Atrophy- Unlike LMN lesions, muscle wasting is not prominent in early UMNL stages. • Treatment Options- Although no universal cure for UMNLs, treatment involves the control of symptoms, enhancement of function, and slow disease progression. Medications including- • Muscle relaxants for spasticity. • Anticonvulsants for nerve-related symptoms • Corticosteroids for inflammation • Physical Therapy • It helps enhance flexibility, motor control and strength. Stretching activities can minimize spasticity and contractures. Occupational Therapy - Helps maintain activities of daily living and coping with physical constraints. • Swallowing and Speech Therapy - It is suggested that the lesion affects the throat muscles and face. • Treat Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMNL) at Ujala Cygnus - Best Neuro Hospital in India Ujala Cygnus is recognised as one of the best neuro hospitals in India with efficient and affordable treatment for complicated neurological diseases. It is famous for its neurosurgery, and it is the best neurosurgery hospital in India with highly experienced neurosurgeons who are experts in surgeries and other therapies. Ujala Cygnus is India’s best brain hospital in India that offers the best treatment for all neurological diseases. Whether it is treating complicated brain injuries or performing minimally invasive surgeries, Ujala Cygnus, the best brain surgery hospital in India combines clinical excellence with state- of-the-art infrastructure making it a trusted destination for effective and safe upper motor neuron lesion disease. Conclusion An Upper Motor Neuron Lesion is a serious condition that impacts voluntary movement and muscle control. Although the symptoms are debilitating, early detection and thorough treatment can effectively manage the impact and enhance quality of life. Understanding the root cause is important in determining the most effective course of treatment and rehabilitation program. Source URL: https://ujalacygnus.bcz.com/2025/06/30/upper-motor-neuron-lesion-causes- symptoms-treatment/