1. Energy Conversions Do Now A jelly donut contains about 1 x 106 J of energy. A gallon of gasoline contains about 1 x 108 J of energy. How many jelly donuts would provide the same amount of energy as a 20 gallon tank of gasoline?`

2. Energy and society • It is not a coincidence that large-scale human slavery in the Western world ended around the same time fossil fuels were rapidly expanding. • A human doing physical work for 8-hours a day can produce about 5 x 105 J of useful work. • A gallon of gasoline produces about 2 x 106 J of useful energy when burned in an engine. • How many gallons of gasoline produce the same amount of work as 50 humans working all day?

3. Solution • (2 x 106 J) [gasoline] / (5 x 105 J) [human] = 4. • 1 gallon of gasoline produces as much work as 4 humans working all day. • 50 [humans] / 4 = 12 ½ • Conclusion: the same amount of work can be done by 50 laborers or about 13 gallons of gasoline.

4. Take-home message • The amount of energy produced by burning fossil fuels is huge in comparison to human labor. • Example: You could not power a large TV by riding a bicycle… but coal can.

5. Troph = eatingFrom Bio II “Microbial Ecology” Do Now: Make a list (on your notes handout) of the things EVERY organism needs to survive.

6. Just 3 things • Water • Energy • Carbon Different organisms get these materials in very different ways… but we all get them!

7. The First Organisms • The very first organisms that arose on Earth were very simple in structure. • We call these simple cells prokaryotes. • There are millions of species of prokaryotes alive today, and science has described only 0.1-5% of them!

8. They’re everywhere!!! • This is from a soil sample… about 2,000x magnification… notice how many different kinds are in such a small space.

9. Some famous prokaryotes…

10. Escherichia coli

11. Staphylococcus aureus

12. Helicobacter pylori

13. Cyanobacter sp.

14. Bacillus subtilis

15. Microbes Are Everywhere! • Prokaryote: A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and all other membrane-bound organelles. • Microbe: An organism too small to be seen by the naked eye.

16. Ways they Survive • Prokaryotes may be heterotrophs or autotrophs. • Heterotroph: an organism that gets carbon from organic molecules produced by other organisms. Heterotrophs are consumers. • Autotroph: an organism that uses an energy source (such as light) directly to build organic molecules from inorganic carbon source (usually CO2)

17. Hetero vs. Auto • Hetero means “different”, and auto means “self”… does this make sense, since troph means “eat?” • Hetrotroph and Autotroph refer to how an organism gets carbon.

18. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. The cells feed on the lung cells of their hosts. Heterotroph or autotroph?

19. Thyobacilus ferroxidans gets its energy from turning iron (II) oxide into iron (III) oxide. They use the energy they get to take CO2 from the environment and build sugars and other compounds. Heterotroph or autotroph?

20. How do you get ENERGY? • Energy is another critical thing all organisms need access to. • The prefix “photo” indicates an organism gets energy from light. • The prefix “chemo” indicates an organism gets energy from a chemical. • Phototroph and chemotroph describe how an organism gets energy: from light, or from chemicals.

21. Burger or Nails? • Chemotrophs, which get their energy from chemicals come in two flavors: • Organotrophs (like you & I) who break down organic chemicals they take in. • Lithotrophs (litho = rock) who break down inorganic substances

23. Diatoms are unicellular algae that get carbon from CO2 in water, and energy from light. What are they?

24. Here’s another one

25. Some more varieties

26. Bioenergetics: How organisms get the energy to survive & reproduce

27. Entropy • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: • In an isolated system, entropy (disorder) increases • So how do living things remain so organized, and in fact increase the organization in and around themselves? • ENERGY. Living things use energy to prevent entropy from destroying them. • Living things are “negative entropy machines”

28. Entropy and Energy ORDER Nonspontaneous Spontaneous Chaos Energy Released (ΔG < 0) Energy Required (ΔG > 0)

29. Photosynthesis & Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 o2 Photosynthesis Respiration 6 Co2 + 6 H2O ATP Energy Produced Light Energy Required

30. Order vs. Chaos Photosynthesis Respiration ATP Energy Produced Light Energy Required

31. Critical Definitions • Photosynthesis : the process by which plants and other photoautotrophs store the energy of light as chemical energy in carbohydrates. • (Cellular) Respiration: the process by which animals and other chemotrophic organisms transform chemical energy stored in carbohydrates (or other sources) into available energy (ATP).

32. Chemistry II Students… • Make a connection: • ΔG = ΔH – TΔS • Remember: Gibbs Free Energy always decreases in spontaneous reactions. • S = entropy. Note that big entropy increases (disorder) tend to make a chemical reaction spontaneous! • In other words, when ΔG is negative, reactions happen without the input of work. • Gibbs Free energy change when breaking down glucose = -2870 kJ/mol

33. Redox Reactions • Reducing carbon (adding more H to it) requires energy (i.e. photosynthesis) • Oxidizing carbon (adding more O to it) releases energy (i.e. combustion)

34. Bioenergetic Chemistry

35. Organisms • Along with bioenergetics, we will also study the true algae: unicellular Eukaryotic photoautotrophs.

36. Chlorophyta: green algae

37. Phaeophyceae: Brown algae

38. Rhodophyta: Red Algae

39. Human Ecology & Energy Use

40. Human Energy Use

41. Consequences