ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

1. ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah By: Gail Hester

2. The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam

3. The Arabian Peninsula is at the crossroads of 3 continents: Africa, Europe, and Asia. Due to its location trade was important to Arabia. Cultures of the Arabian Peninsula were constantly in contact. The Middle East was a bridge between Africa, Asia, and Europe. Goods were traded and Ideas exchanged. One set of Ideas would become a powerful force in the world – the religion Islam Geography of Arabia

4. Trade routes connected Arabia to the major ocean & land trade routes. Merchants moved along caravan routes, trading for goods from the Silk Roads of the east. They transported spices & incense from Yemen & other products to the west. They also carried information & ideas from the world outside Arabia. Most of the land is desert, only a tiny strip of fertile land in south Arabia & Oman can support agriculture. Therefore most people settle near an oasis or a market town. Geography continued

5. IslamAn Abrahamic Religion • Muslims are strict monotheists. • Muslim means “one who has submitted.” Islam means “ submission to the will of Allah.” • They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they callAllah. Allah means “God.” • Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

6. Abraham’s Genealogy HAGAR ABRAHAM SARAH Ishmael Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel

7. The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

8. Around a.d. 570 Muhammad was born in Mecca. His family was powerful. He was orphaned at age 6 and raised by his grandfather and uncle. He worked in caravan trade. At 25 he began working as a trader & business manager for Khadijah, a wealthy businesswoman. She was about 40 years old. Later they marry. They had a good marriage and a good business partnership. Muhammad

9. The Origins of the Qur’an • Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610. • He taught that Allah was the one God & all other Gods must be abandoned. • Many Meccans believed his ideas would lead to neglect of the traditional Arab gods. So they were hostile to Muhammad. • 622 Hijrah  Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina. • 630 Muhammad (the Prophet) and his followers return triumphantly to Mecca. Most Meccans convert to Islam. • Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

10. The Qur'an: God's Last Revelation

11. The Qur’an • Muslims believe it contains the word of God. • 114 suras (chapters). • In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. • Written in Arabic.

12. There is only one God. There is good and evil. Each individual is responsible for the actions of his or her life. Three main beliefs of Islam

13. The Five Pillars of Islam

14. 1. The Shahada – (Faith) • The testimony • The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet]. 1

15. 2. The Salat – (Prayer) • The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day:* dawn* noon* late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed • Wash before praying. • Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

16. 2. The Salat • The call to prayer by themuezzin in the minaret. • Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2

17. 3. The Zakat – (Alms) • Almsgiving (charitable donations). Giving money for the poor. • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.” • About 2.5% of your income. 3

18. 4. The Sawm – (Fasting) • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

19. Eid Mubarak End of the Ramadan holiday.

20. 5. The Hajj – (Pilgrimage) • The pilgrimage to Mecca. • Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. 5

21. 5. The Hajj • Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the titlehajji to their name. 5

22. The Dar al-Islam The Worldof Islam 1 2 3 4 5

23. The Mosque • The Muslim place of worship.

24. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah RockMuslims say this is the site where Muhammad ascended to heaven. Jews identify the same rock as the site where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac.

25. Other Islamic Religious Practices • Up to four wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • Ulama – religious teachers who apply the words & deeds of Muhammad to everyday life • Sunna – Muhammad’s example or model for proper living. • Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living. • Three holiest cities in Islam:* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

26. To Muslims Allah is the same God that is worshipped in Christianity & Judaism. Jesus is viewed as a prophet, not the son of God. All believe in one God, Heaven and Hell, and a day of judgment. Muslims, Christians, & Jews trace their ancestry to Abraham. Jews & Christians are called “people of the book.” Islamic law requires Muslims to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews. Links to Christianity & Judaism

27. Essential Question: Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and convert so many to the new religion?

28. The Spread of Islam • Easy to learn and practice. • No priesthood. • Teaches equality. • Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. • Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes. • Jihad(“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

29. Review | 'After the Prophet': The unending story of Shiite-Sunni conflict • Shi'ite, Sunni Split Feeds Iraq Conflict • Video clip

30. Images of Sunni and Shia Violence

31. Muhammad died in 632 Muhammad had not named a successor. The Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr (a loyal friend of Muhammad) as their leader. A caliph is a successor or deputy. Abu-Bakr became the first caliph in 632. Chapter 10 Section 2page 269 Islam Expands

32. The rule of a Caliph is called a Caliphate. • Abu-Bakr & the next 3 elected caliphs- Umar, Uthman, & Ali – all had known Muhammad. • They used the Qur’an & Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership. • They are known as the “rightly guided” caliphs. • “Rightly Guided Caliphs” knew Muhammad and followed the Qur’an.

33. After Muhammad’s death, many tribes abandoned Islam and refused to pay taxes. Abu-Bakr instituted the Jihad to justify the spread of Islam. • Jihad means striving and refers to: 1. inner struggle against evil. 2. armed struggle against nonbelievers.

34. Muslim armies were well disciplined and expertly commanded. Byzantine and Sassanid empires were exhausted militarily due to a long period of conflict. Persecution of those who did not accept Christianity or Zoroastrianism. Reason for success of the “Rightly Guided Caliphs”

35. Islam offered equality and hope in this world. Economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax. Qur’an forbade forced conversion. Allowed conquered people to practice their own religion. As “people of the book” Christians & Jews received extra considerations. People who were attracted to Islam

36. After the assassination of several successors, the elective system of choosing a caliph was lost. The Umayyads took over. 1. Moved the capital to Damascus. 2. Muslims of Arab descent were upset because this was far from their home. 3. Surrounded themselves with wealth. Internal Conflicts Create A Crisis

37. Three groups emerged: Shi’a means “party of Ali”, Sunni means followers of Muhammad’s example, and the Sufi rejected the wealth and luxury of the Umayyads and lived a simple life of poverty and devotion. The Shi’a outwardly resisted the rule of the Umayyads, because they thought the caliph needed to descendant of the Prophet. Sunni-Shi’a Split

38. The Sunni-Shia Split-It’s All About Family- Khadija First Wife Prophet Muhammad Fatima

39. The Sunni-Shia Split-It’s All About Family- Abu Bakr Friend and Early Convert Abu Talib Muhammad’s Uncle Prophet Muhammad Khadija (First Wife) Aisha Ali Muhammad’s Cousin Fatima

40. The Sunni-Shia Split-It’s All About Family- Fatima Ali 1st Imam Hassan 2nd Imam Hussein 3rd Imam Zaynab Umm Al-Kaltum Ali Zain Al-Abideen 4th Imam All Other Imams Descend from this Line.

41. 632- Muhammad dies, leaving no confirmed successor* Disagreement among clans on who will lead the faith- bloodline (Ali) or the one most capable The Ummah (the Islamic community) elects Muhammad’s father-in-law (through his wife Aisha) Abu Bakr to lead the faith. He becomes the first Caliph - the leader of the Ummah. Muhammad’s Succession

42. SUNNI Believe that the first 4 caliphs were “rightly guided” Believe that Muslim rulers should follow the Sunna, or Muhammad’s example Claim that the Shi’a have distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur’an. 83% Muslims SHI’A Believe that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should succeed Muhammad. Believe that all Muslim rulers should be descended from Muhammad; do not recognize the authority of the Sunna. Claim that the Sunni have distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur’an. 16% Muslims. Basic Differences Between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims

45. In 750 the Abbasids defeated the Ummayyads. Moved the capital to Baghdad, in central Iraq. Developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the affairs of the empire. A treasury kept track of the money flow. They taxed land, imports, & exports, & non-Muslims’ wealth. Did not keep complete political control of the empire and other small caliphates spread. The Abbasid Caliphate

46. 2 major sea-trading networks. Sea trade through the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Land trade along the Silk Road; China & India were connected to Europe & Africa. The language of trade was Arabic, money was the Abbasid dinar. Set up banks and letters of credit called sakks. *In Europe, sakk was pronounced “check.” Thus, using checks dates back to the Muslim Empire. Muslim Trade Network

47. Muslims in the WorldToday

48. a. Upper Class – Muslims at Birth. b. Second Class – Converts to Islam. c. Third Class – “protected people”, Christians, Jews, & Zoroastrians. d. Lowest Class – Slaves e. Muslims are supposed to pray directly to Allah. Four Social Classes

49. Located in Baghdad. Combination library, academy, & translation center. a. Scholars translated scientific and political texts into Arabic those include the works of Plato & Aristotle and helped preserve European culture. Learning Center of Abbasid Empire: House of Wisdom

50. Ibn Sina (980 – 1037) – Persian physician & philosopher noted for his Canon of Medicine, a standard medical textbook used in Europe until the 17th Century. Al Razi – greatest physician of Muslim world. Wrote medical encyclopedia called the Comprehensive Book, also wrote Treatise on Smallpox & Measles. Medical Advances