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Trade and Empire

Trade and Empire. The 18 th Century. Economic Recovery. Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment --- didn ’ t change daily struggle to survive Farming hadn ’ t changed for hundreds (thousands?) of years --beasts pull inefficient “ machines ” But – economic base changing – colonial empires!.

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Trade and Empire

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  1. Trade and Empire The 18th Century

  2. Economic Recovery Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment --- didn’t change daily struggle to survive Farming hadn’t changed for hundreds (thousands?) of years --beasts pull inefficient “machines” But – economic base changing – colonial empires!

  3. The Expanding Population of Europe • 1500-1700 gradual increase • Why? The factors: • Disappearance of Bubonic Plague / beginnings of vaccinations • Fewer people are dying young • Increase in personal and community hygiene • Warfare – wars fought elsewhere • Improvements in the European diet • Potatoes!!! From America – vitamin A / C • Food is also more plentiful because of Agricultural Changes

  4. What changes??? • Agriculture • How it was: • Bad weather – “famine foods” – nuts/grass… • Leads to epidemics: flu / smallpox • Why? • Open-field system = no fences • Soil exhaustion – crops fail or left fallow • Land used for animals / crops / gleaners • Changes: • Rotate grains with nitrogen-storing crops: beans, peas --- new---potatoes, turnips, clover • New crops feed animals – more animals, better diet • Enclosure: problems for poor --- can’t glean or graze cows b/c no common land – can’t afford private land

  5. The World of Work • Putting-Out System • Merchant provides raw material • Rural worker provides labor • Knives / forks / clocks / instruments / linen • First form of manufacturing • Piecework • Population increase = increase in demand for manufactured goods • Putting out system met this need at first • New types of work in the growing cities • Architects, engineers, bricklayers, stonemasons, street repairers, plumbers • Servants

  6. Changing Notions of Wealth • Economics • Origin of the idea that economies can grow and new wealth can be generated • Laissez-faire: leave it alone – the government should not interfere with the economy • Adam Smith: Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Economic understanding of supply and demand • The greater the volume of production, the better the economy fared

  7. Consumer Revolution • Rise in consumer demand that stimulated the economy in northwestern Europe – Britain, Netherlands, western Germany, France • Accumulation of possessions • Want vs. Need • London is an example of a place “hit” by the Consumer Revolution

  8. Wren’s St. Paul’s Cathedral

  9. Wren’s Greenwich Hospital

  10. Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens

  11. Tower of London & Crown Jewels

  12. Hogarth’s Beer Street vs. Gin Alley

  13. African Slavery in the Colonies

  14. Horrors of the Middle Passage Excerpt from Equiano’s Autobiography Conditions aboard The Brooks Scene from Amazing Grace

  15. Life on a Brazilian Sugar Cane Plantation

  16. Where do we get the goods??

  17. Columbian Exchange

  18. French and Indian War, 1755-1763 • Greatest conflict of 7 Years’ War • Gulf of the Saint Lawrence • Ohio River Valley • French threatening British expansion • French ally with Native Americans & Spain • William Pitt the Elder – British must stop French in order to build empire = colonial war more important • French Navy succumbs to British Navy • Gen. Wolfe vs. Gen. Montcalm at Quebec, 1759

  19. North America before and after the Treaty of Paris, 1763

  20. Results of Treaty of Paris, 1763 • GB PM earl of Bute brokers Treaty • GB receives: • all of Canada (from France) • Ohio River Valley, eastern half of Mississippi River valley (from France) • British East India Co growing stronger in India • trying to better organize NA territories • increased taxes to cover costs of warfare

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