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24.1 The Study of Light

The Doppler Effect. 24.1 The Study of Light .  The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves caused by the relative motions of the source and the observer.

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24.1 The Study of Light

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  1. The Doppler Effect 24.1 The Study of Light  The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves caused by the relative motions of the source and the observer.  In astronomy, the Doppler effect is used to determine whether a star or other body in space is moving away from or toward Earth.

  2. The Doppler Effect The wavelength of the sound of an approaching ambulance is compresses as it approaches an observer. For a receding ambulance the wavelength is stretchedout and the observer notes a lowerpitchedsound. When this effect is applied to light, a shorter wavelength is noted for an approaching object and is seen as blue light. A longerwavelength is noted for a receding object, which is seen as red light.

  3. 25.3 The Universe

  4. The Expanding Universe 25.3 The Universe  Red Shifts • Red shift, or a Doppler shift toward the red end of the spectrum, occurs because the light waves are “stretched,” which shows that Earth and the source are moving away from each other.  Hubble’s Law • Hubble’s law is a law that states that the galaxies are retreating from the Milky Way at a speed that is proportional to their distance. • The red shifts of distant galaxies indicate that the universe is expanding.

  5. The Expanding Universe 25.3 The Universe  Hubble’s Law • To help visualize the nature of the universe, imagine a loaf of raisin bread dough that has been set out to rise for a few hours. As the dough doubles in size, so does the distance between all the raisins. Those objects located father apart move away from each other more rapidly.

  6. Raisin Bread Dough Analogy As the dough rises, raisins that were farther apart travel a greater distance in the same time as those that were closer together. Like galaxies in an expanding universe, the distant raisins move away from one another more rapidly than those that are near one another.

  7. The Big Bang 25.3 The Universe  The big bang theory states that at one time, the entire universe was confined to a dense, hot, supermassive ball. Then, about 13.7 billion years ago, a violent explosion occurred, hurling this material in all directions.

  8. The Big Bang According the big bang theory, the universe began 13.7 billion years ago. Two hundred million years later, the first stars and galaxies began to form.

  9. The Big Bang 25.3 The Universe  Supporting Evidence • The red shift of galaxies supports the big bang and the expanding universe theories. • Scientists discovered a type of energy called cosmic background radiation. Scientists think that this radiation was produced during the big bang.

  10. The Big Bang 25.3 The Universe  The Big Crunch? • The future of the universe follows two possible paths: 1. The universe will expand forever. 2. The outward expansion will stop and gravitational contraction will follow. • The view currently favored by most scientists is an expanding universe with no ending point. • It should be noted, however, that the methods used to determine the ultimate fate of the universe have substantial uncertainties.

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