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Referencing 

Proper referencing is essential for maintaining academic integrity and preventing plagiarism. Whether through direct or indirect quotations, acknowledging sources strengthens your work's credibility. This guide outlines the Harvard referencing method, highlighting how to cite works by one, two, or multiple authors, as well as the nuances of paraphrasing. By recognizing contributions from other authors, your writing not only reflects your understanding but also showcases a trustworthy and scholarly approach. Incorporate these practices to enhance your research quality.

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Referencing 

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  1. Referencing  ANT 224

  2. Why? • it is a useful means of preventing plagiarism • anything that you have not personally thought of and independently formulated – must be acknowledged • makes your work more trustworthy

  3. Harvard method Direct quotation: “The activities of the Document Design Project catalyzed the founding of two research centers in document design: the Document Design Center at the American Institutes for Research in Washington, D.C., and the Communication Design Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,” (Schriver, 1997:73-74). According to Schriver (1997:73-74), “The activities of the Document Design Project catalyzed the founding of two research centers in document design: the Document Design Center at the American Institutes for Research in Washington, D.C., and the Communication Design Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.”

  4. Indirect quotation: Paraphrasing – using your own words, own sentence structure and own angle The Document Design Project initiated the establishment of two other US-based research centres: the Document Design Center in Washington, D.C., and the Communication Design Center in Pittsburgh (Schriver, 1997:73-74). Schriver (1997:73-74) is of the opinion that the activities of the Document Design Project initiated the establishment of two other US-based research centres: the Document Design Center in Washington, D.C., and the Communication Design Center in Pittsburgh.

  5. More… • The format for quotes in text for the examples used in the next section (bibliography), is as follows: • A book by a single author: • (Schriver, 1997:73). • A book by two authors: • (Roche & Schwabes, 1997:25). • A book by three or more authors: • (Biber et al., 1998:222).

  6. A book in a series: • (Champarnaud et al., 1999:14). • An edited volume: • (Cole, 1997:3). • An edited volume with more than one editor: • (Karlsson et al., 1995:12). • An article/chapter in an edited volume: • (Van Halteren, 1999:90). • A second, etc., edition: • (Cleary, 2003:108)

  7. A journal article: • (Bailey & Timms, 1976:21). • A newspaper article: • (Daily News, 2000). • Internet publications (author and publication date available): • (Sproat, 2002). • Internet publications (no author available): • (http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/EdPlan.html). • Internet publications (no publication date available): • (Prizker, n.d.).

  8. Bibliography • Compulsory and in alphabetical order • A book by a single author: • Schriver KA. 1997. Dynamics in Document Design: Creating Texts for Readers. New York: John Wiley & Sons. • A book by two authors: • Roche E & Schwabes Y. 1997. Finite-state Language Processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. • A book by three or more authors: • Biber D, Conrad S & Reppen R. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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