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Space Exploration

Space Exploration. Stonehenge, about 3,000BC. Appears aligned to Sun and some of the Stars. Machu Picchu, Peru, 15 th Century, “Hitching Post of the Sun”. First model of the Universe: Ptolomy’s Geocentric Model .

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Space Exploration

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  1. Space Exploration

  2. Stonehenge, about 3,000BC. Appears aligned to Sun and some of the Stars.

  3. Machu Picchu, Peru, 15th Century, “Hitching Post of the Sun”

  4. First model of the Universe: Ptolomy’s Geocentric Model.

  5. Copernicus the first to propose a Heliocentric Model, or Sun-Centered Model.

  6. The Catholic Church opposed the Heliocentric Model, stating that Earth had to be the center of all things. So, Galileo took one of the first telescopes and observed the night sky.

  7. Seeing four moons (Ganymede, Io, Callisto, and Europa) orbit Jupiter, Galileo knew that the Geocentric model was wrong, wrong, wrong. The Heliocentric model of Copernicus fit Galileo’s observations. So, Galileo published a book with his findings.

  8. Galileo was tried by the Church for heresy, and to save his life, he publicly agreed to support the Church’s view that everything moved around the Earth. However, he supposedly muttered as he got up from his kneeling position, “Eppursimuove”, ( And yet it moves.)

  9. Isaac Newton’s discovery of the Law of Gravity, and other laws for bodies in orbit helped astronomers to map out the observable solar system.

  10. New telescopes in observatories high in the mountains let us see farther stars than ever before. Einstein and Hubble at Wilson Observatory in 1931.

  11. Before Hubble people thought that the Milky Way Galaxy WAS the universe. Hubble established that clusters like this (Andromeda) were actually separate galaxies, hundreds of millions of them.

  12. Hubble also applied to light the Doppler effect, which explains why a siren in a police car moving towards you sounds higher pitched than when it is moving away from you.

  13. Hubble observed redshift of starlight from galaxies, meaning that they are all moving away from us (and each other), and that the universe is expanding.

  14. Building observatories on tall mountains was one way to get closer to the stars and space. The ancient Chinese showed that there was a different way.

  15. Flights outside Earth required rockets – first liquid rocket was in 1926.

  16. Some rocket flights were successful…

  17. Other rocket flights were disasters.

  18. Time to pretend that a pencil can act like a rocket. Trial #1 will be a pencil with NO MODIFICATIONS. Tests will be of accuracy and of distance. Safety counts, NO PENCIL launches when a student is down range.

  19. Center of pressure must be aft (below/behind) the center of gravity for a stable flight to result.

  20. Mark your Center of Gravity, v.1 (CG1)by balancing the pencil on your finger Mark your Center of Pressure (CP1) by measuring halfway up the pencil. Modify your pencil by adding an eraser nose cone and fins as shown by your teacher. Find and mark your new Center of Gravity, (CG2). Find and mark your new Center of Pressure (CP2)by moving aft by a distance equal to ½ of the surface area of the new fins. When allowed to test your modified pencil rocket, proceed to the testing area.

  21. If allowed, make and test Pencil v.2.

  22. Back to…. Space Exploration

  23. Fear of “The Bomb” was high.

  24. Schools had more bomb drills than fire drills.

  25. The U.S. felt superior to the Soviet Union.

  26. The launch of Sputnik was a BIG surprise, stunned the U.S.

  27. Sputnik II carried the first animal into space, Laika.

  28. But, they didn’t cool the capsule properly from the heat of the rocket, so Laika died from overheating soon after the launch.

  29. USSR continues its string of space successes: Yuri Gagarin, the first human to go to space.

  30. First woman into space, Russian Valentina Tereshkova

  31. The Sputnik scare caused a 1958 Act of Congress creating NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  32. US space program began to show results. Ham, the first animal sent to space, conduct activities in space, and return alive.

  33. In 1962, President Kennedy vowed to land a man on the Moon, and return him safely. This was the Apollo Program.

  34. Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11, first man on the Moon – 1969.

  35. Near disaster of Apollo 13 mission to the Moon is saved by duct tape and quick thinking.

  36. NASA’s Space Shuttle Program for manned flight to satellites, ends in 2011.

  37. International Space Satellite, largest orbiter of all time. Some question its purpose.

  38. Instead of placing telescopes on tall mountains (still in the troposphere), the Hubble Space Telescope avoids the entire atmosphere of Earth to provide awesome images.

  39. Sample Images Follow

  40. Cats Eye Nebula

  41. Mystic Mountain Nebula

  42. Disc of material swirling into a black hole.

  43. Possible Dark Matter Map, Galaxy Cluster Abell 1689

  44. Dance of the Spiral Galaxies

  45. Cosmic Pearls Surrounding Exploding Star

  46. Light echoes surrounding Red Supergiant Star

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