Dr. Rod Broadhurst: aka Dr. B Tutors: Ms Josephine Sham Josephine_Shamhkusua.hku.hk Ms Lau Gar Lum garlumgraduate.h

1. Dr. Rod Broadhurst: aka Dr. BTutors: Ms Josephine Sham Josephine_Sham@hkusua.hku.hk Ms Lau Gar Lum garlum@graduate.hku.hk Contact: Room: KKL 1213: Telephone: 28592057; Email: broadie@hkucc.hku.hk Class venue: KK Leung LG 109 Website: www.hku.hk/crime

2. Focus and Aims a sense of the professional requirements of the criminal justice system the basic requirements for ethical conduct in the service of justice. outlines the major approaches and issues in understanding, investigating and explaining crime and introduces some of the fundamental skills.

3. What is criminology & what do criminologist do? Standard (Webster)definition: �the scientific study of crime and criminals� Criminologists use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. Research may draw from disciplines like medicine, law and sociology. Criminologist work in all fields of criminal justice and in private security

4. Why Study Crime? Fear of crime Attempts to control crime through prediction Prevent crime through reform Explaining crime and reactions to crime Crime reflects the society

5. Crime: offending, rule breaking and deviance What is crime and how can it be measured? What types of crime are experienced? Is crime increasing or decreasing and how do we know? Is Hong Kong a safe city? Students are introduced to the subject and purposes of criminology and distinguish between "crime" (Law), "deviance" (Sociology) and abnormality (Psychology). Students will learn the different methods and problems of measuring crime. Hong Kong�s crime is compared to crime in other countries and factors that promote or prevent crime discussed.

6. Computer crime in Hong Kong 1995-2002

9. The Criminal Justice System How does the criminal justice system work and what is the role of the police, courts and correctional services? What are the basic operations and functions of the major agencies involved in the control of crime and how effective are they? Students learn the criminal justice process and some of the organisational characteristics of criminal justice agencies.

10. Topics Prevalence and incidence of crime Victims & offenders (money, drugs, sex & power) Corrections and penology Violence against the person Organized crime Cases: trauma and interview Lying and the detection of deception Crime & the investigation process Criminal profiling: theory and practice Basic theories of crime

11. Outline 12 weeks of one two-hour lecture session per week (Thursday 1400-1550, KK Leung LG 109) 5-6 tutorials on PBL activities field excursions to prisons (Stanley/Pik Uk) and Police/Detective Training School (PTS/DTS) Tutorial will start at the week of 21st September

12. Lecture Outline & Timetable September 11 Course introduction: overview, concepts & definitions September 18 Prevalence & Incidence of Crime September 19 Victims & Offenders September 25 Crime & the Investigative process October 2 TBA PBL October 9 Lying & the Detection of Deception October 16 Corrections & Penology: theory & practice October 23 Reading week -- prison and PTS visits October 30 Crime: Violence against the person November 6 Crime: Organised crime November 13 Criminal Profiling: theory & practice November 20 PBL Exercise: Crisis, trauma & interviewing November 27 Review & Presentations

13. Assessment - Mark Allocation A two-hour exam paper & may include multiple choice (50%) An individual essay of 2000-3000 words, self-chosen topic (25%) A practicum report essay of 800 words (10%) (Or an individual PBL short-report if students fail to attend the practicum) PBL presentation during tutorial (10%) Tutorial participations & practicum attendance (5%)

14. Course Readings No set text Larry Siegel�s [2000] Criminology Vold, Bernard & Snipes [1998] Theoretical Criminology Course handout provides a full list of resources and suggested websites - go to the link section of www.hku.hk/crime

15. Problem-based-learning (PBL) PBL is an effective learning/teaching technique that focus on case studies of crime and justice issues encountered in practice in Hong Kong. Students are required to participate actively in a group oriented project on a crime topic

16. PBL: competencies wanted by employees Critical & analytical thinking applied to complex real world problems To find, evaluate & use appropriate learning resources Work cooperatively in teams & small groups Demonstrate effective verbal & written skills and; Use content knowledge & intellectual skills to be continual learners

17. Process & Rules of PBL Process for PBL groups Explore the problem and clarify unfamiliar terms and generate [uncritically �brainstorm�] ideas. Apply prior knowledge or experiences [everyone brings resources to the process] to the problem. Organise your ideas & prior knowledge to attempt to define the problem Identify learning goals - what questions need to be answered? Define what you know and what you don�t know And then:

18. Rank in importance the �learning issues� [set priorities] and decide which issues can be dealt with by the group and which can be assigned to individuals who later �teach� or report back to the group Identify resources [books, web-sites articles, references, people, etc.] that can be used to help solve the problem and study them [self-directed learning] Share new knowledge/learning in the group and apply it to the problem Assess how the group performed - does the group co-operate? Are you clear about what to do & does everybody contribute. Repeat - R I S A

19. PBL - Process & Rules Rules for PBL group work Rotate and share responsibility within the group so that the role of �reporter�, �recorder�, �discussion leader� is shared amongst the group. Work out a few basic ground rules for group work & dealing with reluctant members. [Note for group work do you want to be assessed as individuals or groups?] Short problems and assignments in class are dealt within �learning circles�. Students take more control over what they want or need to learn from the teacher - ask the teacher to provide a mini-lecture on .

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24. Personal Profile Sam Tung UK Village

25. Personal Profile Form 3 Education

26. Family Background Wife: Clerk Father: Foreman of WSD Mother: Cleaning Worker of FEHD Sister: unknown Brother: unknown

27. Committed Crimes Date Location Victim Supplementary information: ��������� CHEUNG was also involved in a rape case which occurred in 1992 at the roof top of a housing estate in Siu Sai Wan. However, the victim who was a 18 years old school girl refused to pursue the case. � ��������� Besides, according to the videotapes seized by police, it was found that CHEUNG was at least involved in five other rape cases. However, these were all unreported cases and the police failed to identity the victims in those cases. Eventually, CHEUNG was only charged for the above three rape cases which occurred between 1997 and 2001. � ��������� CHEUNG was sentenced to life imprisonment which was a rare and severe sentence for rapist in Hong Kong over the past 30 years. During this period, only the 'Tuen Mun Rapist' LAM Kwok-wai and the 'Raining Butcher' LAM Guo-wan received such heavy punishment. Supplementary information: ��������� CHEUNG was also involved in a rape case which occurred in 1992 at the roof top of a housing estate in Siu Sai Wan. However, the victim who was a 18 years old school girl refused to pursue the case. � ��������� Besides, according to the videotapes seized by police, it was found that CHEUNG was at least involved in five other rape cases. However, these were all unreported cases and the police failed to identity the victims in those cases. Eventually, CHEUNG was only charged for the above three rape cases which occurred between 1997 and 2001. � ��������� CHEUNG was sentenced to life imprisonment which was a rare and severe sentence for rapist in Hong Kong over the past 30 years. During this period, only the 'Tuen Mun Rapist' LAM Kwok-wai and the 'Raining Butcher' LAM Guo-wan received such heavy punishment.

28. Modus Operandi young females were chosen � location selected beforehand remote area near hillside tent was set up video camera was installed

30. Types of Rape ? Acquaintance Rape ? Mass Rape ? Child Sexual Abuse ? Marital Rape Supplementary information: Acquaintance rape is any rape in which the parties know one another. In Hong Kong, the most commonly known place for this rape can be found in the victim�s friend abode. In recent years, the growing use of the drug Rohypnol (�roofies�) to sedate women to take sexual advantage of them on dates. Mixed with alcohol, the drug makes the victim easy prey. According to Susan Brownmiller�s study, �Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape� (1975) defined rape as � a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.� As a collective act, rape can promote male bonding. Child sexual abuse can be related to incest. It is defined as sexual acts performed within a family by an adult or an older family members against a child. As you may know, the statistics on child sexual abuse has been increasing in the recent years. It became a major disaster among the children. Marital rape is rarely differentiated from rape in general in the contemporary world because the victim of this kind of rape are reluctant to acknowledge its existence even to themselves, the prevalence of marital rape is hard to determine. In fact, the martial rape can be defined as any sexual contact without consent within a marriage is sexual assault. Supplementary information: Acquaintance rape is any rape in which the parties know one another. In Hong Kong, the most commonly known place for this rape can be found in the victim�s friend abode. In recent years, the growing use of the drug Rohypnol (�roofies�) to sedate women to take sexual advantage of them on dates. Mixed with alcohol, the drug makes the victim easy prey. According to Susan Brownmiller�s study, �Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape� (1975) defined rape as � a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.� As a collective act, rape can promote male bonding. Child sexual abuse can be related to incest. It is defined as sexual acts performed within a family by an adult or an older family members against a child. As you may know, the statistics on child sexual abuse has been increasing in the recent years. It became a major disaster among the children. Marital rape is rarely differentiated from rape in general in the contemporary world because the victim of this kind of rape are reluctant to acknowledge its existence even to themselves, the prevalence of marital rape is hard to determine. In fact, the martial rape can be defined as any sexual contact without consent within a marriage is sexual assault.

31. Theories of Rape ? Psychological Abnormality ? Sexual Motivation ? Feminist Theory ? Social Learning Theory ? Evolutionary Theory

32. Psychological Abnormalities

33. Social Cognitive Learning TheoryAlfred Bandura (1973, 1978)

34. Neutralization Theory One of the prominent forms of Social Learning Theory

35. PBL - Tutorials Possible topics Investigative Interviews Risk Profiling Theory debate Experiment participation: applying criminological theory Measuring crime Sex and Violent Offending PBL presentation

36. Please note the full PBL has been abridged and is incomplete: included here to illustrate the process Crime and Deviance PBL Serial Dog Killer

37. Location Bowen Road Black�s Link Magazine Gap Road Wan Chai Gap Road Park Aberdeen Reservoir Road Park

43. Method of killing Powder mixing with chopped chicken/ duck meat and bones in a pink paste. No special skills needed. Affects the nervous system, barking, convulsion and vomit.

44. Victim Dogs: Size: Small dogs- right on the spot Large dogs- get sick at home Behavior: Before: running free, not on leash, no muzzles After: nervous system is affected, barking, convulsion, vomit,affect muscles and heart (large term)

45. Victim Dog owners: Behavior: Before: jogging around After: go to police station and vets, to patrol

46. Victim Dogs: Result: Jumped into the harbor Convulsed on the spot and died Died in the vets

47. Poisons used by the poisoner Paraquat contact herbicide Toxic to skin and conjunctivae, gradually to the lungs No known antidote Stenching agent is added since Sep 1994

48. 2) organophosphates Absorbed by skin, eyes, stomach, lungs First used as nerve gas, now as insecticides Act as anticholinesterases, blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine Affecting the central nervous system and brain Symptoms: shock, vomiting, convulsions, pain in muscle

49. 3) Carbomates (e.g. Carbofuran) Used as nematicides Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion Cholinsterase-inhibiting effect is similar to OP Symptons: nausea, vomiting, sweating, imbalance, blurring of vision, breathing difficulty Acute oral lethal dose fifty (LD50) for dogs is 19mg/kg

50. Ways of disposing poisons Poison powders are mixed with chopped chicken/duck meat in a pink paste Placed on nice days, public holidays/weekends Locations: 1) pavements outside Bowen Rd. park 2) path along Black�s Link, Bowen Rd and Wan Chain Gap Rd Scattered on the path or bushes or placed in rice box

51. Distributions of Locations where Dog Poisoning found between 1995 and April 1999

52. Police Statistics �dark figures� Reasons: 1. Cases unreported by the dog owners 2. Unknown cases of stray dogs

53. Police Reports Most cases go to Happy Valley Police Station Between Jan. and Feb., 2000: 40 cases of dog poisoning in Western District Time: mostly in the early morning Day: public holidays and weekends Weather: pleasant, not rainy

54. Police Actions Investigation - first launched in 1991 - intensified in March 1997 - new campaign in March 2000 Patrol - both overt and covert

55. Police Actions Close liaison with veterinary clinics Displaying Warning notices since December 1997

57. Police Actions Close liaison with walkers and residents in the crime areas - March 1997, residents in the Bowen Road and Black�s Link areas had removed meat scraps from the path and taken them to the police for analysis - July 1998, a woman living in Shiu Fai Terrace found tainted chicken pieces when walking with her dog - November, 2000, the police called on Mr. Midgely�s a help for a second time

58. Offender Profilingnote the full PBL has been abridged and is incomplete: included here to illustrate the process

59. Reasons for killing: Missions to kill (not psychotic) dogs are a nuisance, the world is a better place without dogs Has a mission to get rid the streets of dogs for one�s interest or for the society

60. The 4 types of Serial Killers The Visionary Motive Type Psychotics, insane, delusions telling them to kill ? Possible type, not very likely though The Missionary-Oriented Motive Type Displays no psychosis to the outside world Has a need to rid the world of immoral or unworthy Select groups of individuals to be victims ? Likely

61. The 4 types of Serial Killers The Thrill Oriented Motive Type Kill for fun and excitement Sadistic � enjoy killing ? Unlikely The Lust Killer Kill for sexual pleasure Amount of pleasure correlates with the extend of torture to the victim In touch with reality and have relationships ? Unlikely

62.  MAJOR OBSTACLES OF THE CASE

63. Suggestions Identification Reduce Rate Cooperation

64. Reduce Rate arouse public attention posters press attention warnings

65. Tutorials Defining crime and the problem of seriousness: crimes against humanity Victim trauma and recovery Has the HK crime rate increased? How safe is HK? Crime theory debate [2 sessions] Prison, Police and Agency Visits � practicum Prison, Police and Agency Visit � discussion

66. What Is Crime? Definition of crime: Classical or Consensus view Conflict view Interactionist view

67. Consensus View The law defines crime Agreement exists on outlawed behavior Laws apply to all citizens equally

68. Conflict View The law is a tool of the ruling class Crime is a politically defined concept �Real crimes� are not outlawed The law is used to control the underclass

69. Interactionist View Moral entrepreneurs define crime Crimes are illegal because society defines them that way Criminal labels are life-transforming events

70. Crime Is Socially and Legally Defined, With Cultural Relativism Legal: crime is the intentional violation of the criminal law without excuse or defense and penalized (Tappan, 1947) Social-legal: anti-social behaviors, legal description of acts as socially injurious and legal provision of a penalty for the act (Sutherland, 1945)

71. Cross-cultural: the violation of �conduct / social norms� � �for every person then there is a from the point of view of a given group which he is a member, a normal and an abnormal way of reacting, the norm depending upon the social values of the group which formulated it� (Sellin, 1938)

72. The study of criminality emerged in the 19th century � early theories such as classical theory (achieve pleasure and avoid pain) and positivism (eg influence of environmental factors such as class, physiology, race etc.) remain fundamental. Concepts about crime and the subject matter of criminology have changed through history � emergence of modern laws (eg the prohibition of alcohol in the US in the 1920s, legal use of opium in the 19th century) and new perspectives (Durkheim�s anomie theory, choice theory, Marxist perspective) have emerged

73. Criminology Vs. Criminal Justice Criminology explains the etiology, extent and nature of crime in society Criminal justice refers to the agencies of social control that handle criminal offenders Both fields overlap because they are crime-related and must have full understanding of the system